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The Cellular and Epigenetic Aspects of Trained Immunity and Prospects for Creation of Universal Vaccines on the Eve of More Frequent Pandemics

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Abstract

The inevitability of pandemics outbreaks creates an urgent requirement for emergency action to develop effective technologies to reduce harm to the human population in the period between the onset of an epidemic and the development and production of a vaccine. In this review we discuss the possibility of engineering universal vaccines. Such vaccines exploiting the nonspecific antipathogenic potential of innate immunity, could allow the population to be vaccinated when an unidentified pathogen appears and should reduce disease severity until pathogen-specific vaccines become available. There is strong evidence that bacterial or viral vaccines such as tuberculosis vaccine (BCG), measles and polio provide heterologous protective effects against unrelated pathogens. This is due to the innate immune system’s ability to maintain the memory of past infections and use it to develop immune defenses against new ones. This effect has been called “trained” immunity. The use of trained immunity may also represent an important new approach to improving existing vaccines or to developing new vaccines that combine the induction of classical adaptive immune memory and innate immune memory. Such approaches can be boosted by genetic technologies and could prove extremely useful against future pandemics.

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This work was carried out with the support of the Kurchatov Institute Research Center.

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  1. Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, 123182, Moscow, Russia

    I. V. Alekseenko, R. G. Vasilov, L. G. Kondratyeva, S. V. Kostrov & E. D. Sverdlov

  2. Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia

    I. V. Alekseenko, L. G. Kondratyeva & I. P. Chernov

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Alekseenko, I.V., Vasilov, R.G., Kondratyeva, L.G. et al. The Cellular and Epigenetic Aspects of Trained Immunity and Prospects for Creation of Universal Vaccines on the Eve of More Frequent Pandemics. Russ J Genet 59, 851–868 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795423090028

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