Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the hemodynamic and HRV indicators of students under physical load during the post-COVID-19 period to reveal cardiac dysfunctions and dysregulations of the autonomic nervous system. 44 female students were included in the current study. The hemodynamic and HRV indicators were studied immediately after a 5-minute physical load in a “Proteus pes 3320” veloergometer workout. Analysis of the electrocardiography (ECG) recordings was carried out via the “BIO-ART 001” portable device. It was shown that the levels of all the studied indicators demonstrating the activity of the mechanisms of cardiohemodynamic regulation significantly differed from the healthy controls. The ECG analysis showed that after the physical load, the TP index increased by 3 times to the comparison of the control group. Additionally, the VLF and LF/HF increased by 12.2 and 95.7% in students with COVID-19 after physical activity. The pNN50 and RMSSD levels were decreased in students of the experimental group by 61.2 and 32.2% (p < 0.001), respectively after physical load indicating the reduction of PNS activity in heart rate regulation. Moreover, increased hemodynamic parameters were observed among students with COVID-19 after physical activity. The results consider the presence of dysregulation in the parasympathetic and sympathetic mechanisms of HRV regulation. Students from the studied group have also expressed disturbances of automatism of the heart and tachycardia, which can be considered based on ECG analysis. Short-term physical load contributed to the transition of indicators of the cardiovascular system from a stress zone to a tense one, which is probably due to the impact of coronavirus on the adaptive capabilities of both cardiovascular and nervous systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Tong, X., Cheng, A., Yuan, X., et al., Characteristics of peripheral white blood cells in COVID-19 patients revealed by a retrospective cohort study, BMC Infect. Dis., 2021, vol. 21, p. 1236.
Asarcikli, L.D., Hayiroglu, M.I., Osken, A., et al., Heart rate variability and cardiac autonomic functions in post-COVID period, J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol., 2022, vol. 63, p. 715.
Alqahtani, M.S., Abbas, M., Alsabaani, A., et al., The potential impact of COVID-19 virus on the heart and the circulatory system, Infect. Drug Resist., 2022, vol. 15, p. 1176.
Shah, B., Kunal, S., Bansal, A., et al., Heart rate variability as a marker of cardiovascular dysautonomia in post-COVID-19 syndrome using artificial intelligence, Indian Pacing Electrophysiol. J., 2022, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 71.
Aragon-Benedi, C., Oliver-Forniés, P., Galluccio, F., et al., Is the heart rate variability monitoring using the analgesia nociception index a predictor of illness severity and mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19? A pilot study, PLoS One, 2021, vol. 16, no. 3, p. e0249128.
Miller, J.G., Chahal, R., Kirshenbaum, J.S., et al., Heart rate variability moderates the effects of COVID-19-related stress and family adversity on emotional problems in adolescents: Testing models of differential susceptibility and diathesis-stress, Dev. Psychopathol., 2021, p. 1.
Luong, A., Goodyke, M., Dunn, S.L., et al., ActiGraph and short-term heart rate variability study protocol: Amended for the COVID-19 pandemic, J. Cardiovasc. Nurs., 2021, vol. 36, no. 6, p. 599.
Buchhorn, R., Baumann, C., and Willaschek, C., Heart rate variability in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019, Int. Cardiovasc. Forum J., 2020, vol. 20, p. 34.
Nocua, A.C.L., Gonzalez, J.P.C., Jimenez, C.I.A., et al., Assessment of cognitive student engagement using heart rate data in distance learning during COVID-19, Educ. Sci., 2021, vol. 11, no. 540, p. 1.
Natarajan, A., Su, H., and Heneghan, C., Occurrence of relative bradycardia and relative tachycardia in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, Front. Physiol., 2022, vol. 13, p. 898251.
Khawaja, S.A., Mohan, P., Jabbour, R., et al., COVID-19 and its impact on the cardiovascular system, Open Heart, 2021, vol. 8, no. 1, p. e001472.
Savinykh, L.E., Povzun, A.A., and Efimova, Yu.S., Influence of regular physical activity on the state of adaptive capabilities of the body of female students actively involved in sports, Physiological Mechanisms of Human Adaptation (Proc. Int. Conf.), Tyumen, 2010, p. 81.
Maloberti, A., Ughi, N., Bernasconi, D.P., et al., Heart rate in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Prevalence of high values at discharge and relationship with disease severity, J. Clin. Med., 2021, vol. 10, no. 23, p. 5590.
Michard, F., Malbrain, M.L., Martin, G.S., et al., Haemodynamic monitoring and management in COVID-19 intensive care patients: An international survey, Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain Med., 2020, vol. 39, no. 5, p. 563.
Khoshimov, U.U., Khidoyatova, R.M., Khamraeva, S.G., et al., Evaluation of hemodynamic indicators and issues related to infusion therapy under severe COVID-19, Am. J. Med. Med. Sci., 2022, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 228.
Indrit, T. and Ahmet, K., Double product as a predictor of coronary artery disease in males with normal blood pressure, Eur. J. Nat. Sci. Med., 2021, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 82.
Mikhailov, V.M., Heart Rate Variability: Experience of Practical Aplication of the Method, Ivanovo: Ivanovo State Medical Academy, 2000.
Baevsky, R.M., Kirillov, O.I., and Klitskin, S.Z. Mathematical Analysis of Changes in Heart Rate during Stress, Sokolov, E.I., Ed., Moscow: Nauka, 1984.
Gevorkyan, E.S., Minasyan, S.M., Adamyan, Ts.I., et al., Dynamics of the integrated characteristics of heart rate variability and psychophysiological parameters of students under the conditions of daily and weekly academic loads, Hum. Physiol., 2006, vol. 32, no. 4, p. 423.
Usui, H. and Nishida, Y., The very-low-frequency band of heart rate variability represents the slow recovery component after a mental stress task, PLoS One, 2017, vol. 12, no. 8, p. e0182611.
Wayne, A.M., Voznesenskaya, T.G., Vorobieva, O.V. et al., Vegetative Disorders: Clinic, Treatment, Diagnosis, Wayne, A.M., Ed., Moscow: Medical Information Agency, 1998.
Sainas, G., Milia, R., Palazzolo, G., et al., Mean blood pressure assessment during post-exercise: Result from two different methods of calculation, J. Sports Sci. Med., 2016, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 424.
Pla, R., Bosquet, L., McGibbon, K., et al., Heart rate variability in elite swimmers before, during, and after COVID-19 lockdown: A brief report on time domain analysis, Appl. Sci., 2021, vol. 11, no. 17, p. 8106.
Mikhailovskaya, T.V., Yakovleva, N.D., Safronov, M.A., and Kharlamova, Ya.I., Potential impact of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system, Phys. Rehabil. Med., 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 133.
Levi, M. and Hunt, B.J., Thrombosis and coagulopathy in COVID-19: An illustrated review, Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemostasis, 2020, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 774.
Lo, K.B., McCullough, P.A., and Rangaswamia J., Antihipertenziv drugs and risk of COVID-19? Lancet Resp. Med., 2020, vol. 8, no. 5, p. E29.
Harris, C.K., Hung, Y.P, Nielsen, G.P, et al., Bone marrow and peripheral blood findings in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 2021, vol. 155, no. 5, p. 627.
Drury, R.L., Jarczok, M., Owens, A. and Thayer, J.F., Wireless heart rate variability in assessing community COVID-19, Front. Neurosci, 2021, vol. 15, p. 564159.
Brunetti, N.D., Poliseno, M., Bottalico, I.F., and Centola, A., Safety and heart rate changes in Covid-19 patients treated with Remdesivir, Int. J. Infect. Dis., 2021, vol. 112, p. 254.
Lazzerini, P.E., Laghi-Pasini, F., Acampa, M., et al., IL-6 (interleukin 6) blockade and heart rate corrected QT interval prolongation in COVID-19, Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol., 2020, vol. 13, no. 9, p. e008791.
Aranyó, J., Bazan, V., Lladós, G., et al., Inappropriate sinus tachycardia in post-COVID-19 syndrome, Sci. Rep., 2022, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 298.
Xie, Y., Xu, E., Bowe, B. and Al-Aly, Z., Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19, Nat. Med., 2022, vol. 28, no. 3, p. 583.
Funding
The work was supported by the Science Committee of MESCS RA, in the frames of the research project no. 21T-1F316 and ANSEF Foundation based in New York, USA, research project no. 22AN: NS-hubio-2668.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
EG designed and carried out the study. KB performed the statistical analysis. RS wrote the manuscript with support from EG, KB, and AK. AK helped supervise the project. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval. The whole study was performed by the Declaration of Helsinki (1975) and the study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of Yerevan State University, protocol no. 1 dated September 20, 2021.
Informed consent. Each participant in the study provided a voluntary written informed consent signed by him after explaining to him the potential risks and benefits, as well as the nature of the upcoming study.
Conflict of interest. The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gevorkyan, E.S., Baghdasaryan, K.V., Shushanyan, R.A. et al. Cardiovascular Adaptability of Young Adults under Physical Activity during the Post-COVID-19 Period. Hum Physiol 49, 562–572 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119722600576
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119722600576