Abstract
A new method was proposed for processing a nonstationary heart rate by using frequency-modulated signals rather than amplitude-modulated signals equally spaced over several points of time as in the conventional method. A frequency-modulated signal is a set of identical Gaussian peaks that coincide with the true time points of heart beats. A continuous wavelet transform was used to quantitatively describe the heart rhythm signal. A test with controlled breathing was performed as an example and included three consecutive stages: rest, rhythmic breathing at a specified frequency, and exhalation. Tachograms recorded during the breath test was found to be a nonstationary signal with the alternation of peaks of different spectral ranges. A system of quantitative parameters was developed to describe the dynamics of changes in the spectral properties of the tachogram in transitional areas. A static clustering by the effect of the respiratory test and a dynamic clustering in order to identify the time points when the autonomic nervous system is stressed were performed for all subjects. The article discusses the prospects of using the method as a means to analyze the transient effects in various functional tests and as biofeedback that would help to change the heart rhythm.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baevskii, R.M., Ivanov, G.G., Chireikin, L.V., et al., Analysis of heart rate variability using different cardiological systems: methodological recommendations, Vestn. Aritmol., 2002, no. 24, p. 65.
Ryabykina, G.V. and Sobolev, A.V., Monitorirovanie EKG s analizom variabil’nosti serdtsa (ECG Monitoring with Analysis of Heart Rate Variability), Moscow: Medpraktika-M, 2009.
Runova, E.V., Grigor’eva, V.N., Bakhchina, A.V., et al., Vegetative correlates of arbitrary mappings of emotional stress, Sovrem. Tekhnol. Med., 2013, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 69.
Fleishman, A.N., Korablina, T.V., Petrovskii, S.A., and Martynov, I.D., Complex structure and nonlinear behavior of very low frequency of heart rate variability: analysis and applications, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Prikl. Nelineinaya Din., 2014, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 55.
Pokrovskii, V.M., Serdechno-dykhatel’nyi sinkhronizm v otsenke regulyatorno-adaptivnykh vozmozhnostei organizma (Cardiovascular Synchronism in Evaluation of Regulatory-Adaptive Possibilities of the Organism), Krasnodar: Kuban’-Kniga, 2010.
Pokrovskii, V.M. and Polischuk, L.V., On the conscious control of the human heart, J. Integr. Neurosci., 2012, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 213.
Aronov, D.M. and Lupanov, V.P., Funktsional’nye probly v kardiologii (Functional Tests in Cardiology), Moscow: MEDpress-Inform, 2003.
Mikhailov, V.M., Variabel’nost’ serdechnogo ritma: opyt prakticheskogo primeneniya metoda (Heart Rate Variability: Practical Use), Ivanovo: Gos. Med. Akad., 2002.
Shiogai, Y., Stefanovska, A., and McClintock, P.V.E., Nonlinear dynamics of cardiovascular ageing, Phys. Rep., 2010, vol. 488, p. 51.
Iatsenko, D., Bernjak, A., Stankovski, T., et al., Evolution of cardiorespiratory interactions with age, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., A, 2013, vol. 371, p. 20110622.
Shields, R.W., Heart rate variability with deep breathing as a clinical test of cardiovagal function, Cleveland Clin. J. Med., 2009, vol. 76, no. 2, p. 37.
Prinsloo, G.E., Derman, W.E., Lambert, M.I., and Rauch, H.L.R., The effect of a single session of short duration biofeedback-induced deep breathing on measures of heart rate variability during laboratory-induced cognitive stress: a pilot study, Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback, 2013, vol. 38, no. 2, p. 81.
Trubachev, V.V., Gorbunov, A.V., Trubacheva, V.S., et al., Analysis of respiratory-cardiac interaction in athletes and non-athletes with an imposed respiratory rate, Ross. Fiziol. Zh. im. I.M. Sechenova, 2015, vol. 101, no. 2, p. 238.
Kiselev, A.R., Kirichuk, V.F., Posnenkova, O.M., and Gridnev, V.I., Mechanisms of periodic heart rate oscillations: a study using controlled breathing tests, Hum. Physiol., 2005, vol. 31, no. 3, p. 309.
Nesterov, S.V., Nesterov, V.P., and Burdygin, A.I., The effect of respiratory frequency on heart rate variability, Dokl. Biol. Sci., 2005, vol. 400, nos. 1–6, p. 25.
Acharya, U.R., Joseph, K.P., Kannathal, K., et al., Heart rate variability, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 2006, vol. 44, p. 1031.
Humeau, A., Buard, B., Mahé, G., et al., Multifractal analysis of heart rate variability and laser Doppler flowmetry fluctuations: comparison of results from different numerical methods, Phys. Med. Biol., 2010, vol. 55, p. 6279.
Addison, P.S., Wavelet transform and the ECG, Physiol. Meas., 2005, vol. 26, p. 155.
Keissar, K., Davrath, L.R., and Akselrod, S., Coherence analysis between respiration and heart rate variability using continuous wavelet transform, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., A, 2009, vol. 367, no. 1892, p. 1393.
Ducla-Soares, J.L., Santos-Bento, M., Laranjo, S., et al., Wavelet analysis of autonomic outflow of normal subjects on head-up tilt, cold pressor test, Valsalva manoeuvre and deep breathing, Exp. Physiol., 2007, vol. 92, no. 4, p. 677.
Bozhokin, S.V. and Shenkova, I.M., Analysis of the heat rate variability using stress tests, Hum. Physiol., 2008, vol. 34, no. 4, p. 461.
Bozhokin, S.V., Lesova, E.M., Samoilov, V.O., and Tolkachev, P.I., Wavelet analysis of nonstationary heart rate variability in a head-up tilt-table test, Biophysics, 2012, vol. 57, no. 4, p. 530.
Bozhokin, S.V. and Suslova, I.M., Double wavelet transform of frequency-modulated nonstationary signal, Tech. Phys., 2013, vol. 58, no. 12, p. 1730.
Bozhokin, S.V. and Suslova, I.B., Analysis of non-stationary HRV as a frequency modulated signal by double continuous wavelet transformation method, Biomed. Signal Process. Control, 2014, vol. 10, p. 34.
Hilsted, J. and Jensen, S.B., A simple test for autonomic neuropathy in juvenile diabetics, Acta Med. Scand., 1979, vol. 205, nos. 1–6, p. 385.
Marusina, M.Ya., Suvorov, N.B., Kozachenko, A.V., and Tolkovich, D.V., Synchronization of physiological signals of human intellectual activity using a multifunctional measuring complex, Nauchno-Tekh. Vestn. Inf. Tekhnol., Mekh. Opt., 2013, no. 4 (86), p. 49.
Kiselev, A.R. and Gridnev, V.I., Fluctuation of the vegetative regulation of the cardiovascular system, Saratov. Nauchno-Med. Zh., 2011, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 34.
Lesova, E.M., Filippova, E.B., Golubev, V.N., and Dergachev, V.B., Influence of interval hypoxic trainings on hemodynamic parameters at the orthostatic load, Vestn. Ross. Voen.-Med. Akad., 2015, no. 3 (51), p. 109.
Samoilov, V.O., Maksimov, A.L., Filippova, E.B., et al., Characteristics of individual differences in a personal functional state under hypoxic hypoxia, Vestn. Ross. Voen.-Med. Akad., 2013, no. 3 (43), p. 111.
Korolev, Yu.N., Influence of interval hypoxic trainings on working activity of a man, Materialy IIV serossiiskoi zaochnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Sport, Olimpizm, Olimpiiskii krai; navstrechu XXII Olimpiiskim zimnim igram i XI Paraolimpiiskim zimnim igram v gorode Sochi” (Proc. II All-Russ. Extramural Sci.- Pract. Conf. “Sport, Olimpism, and Olimpic Region: Towards XXII Olympic Winter Games and XIParalympic Winter Games in Sochi”), Krasnodar, 2012, p. 183.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © S.V. Bozhokin, E.M. Lesova, V.O. Samoilov, D.E. Tarakanov, 2018, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2018, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 39–48.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bozhokin, S.V., Lesova, E.M., Samoilov, V.O. et al. Nonstationary Heart Rate Variability in Respiratory Tests. Hum Physiol 44, 32–40 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S036211971801005X
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S036211971801005X