Skip to main content
Log in

Physiological and ethnogenetic risk factors for cardiovascular thrombosis

  • Published:
Human Physiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An analysis of publications on the polymorphism of enzymes, receptors, and other systems of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism critical for the formation of vascular lipoprotein plaques and thrombi revealed the importance of certain genetic factors for the development of cardiovascular disorders. However, because of the polygenic nature of these disorders, the assessment of the corresponding hereditary risk factors requires multivariablecorrelation analysis. Population studies show that the polymorphism of individual genes manifests itself in the difference in incidence rates between ethnic groups.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kalow, W., Goedde, H., and Agarwal, D., Eds., Ethnic Differences in Reactions to Drugs and Xenobiotics, Progr. Clin. Biol. Res., New York: Alan R. Liss, 1985, vol. 214.

  2. Piruzyan, L.A., Pharmacological Metrology, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Biol., 1990, no. 2, p. 302.

  3. Piruzyan, L.A., Sukhanov, V.A., and Saprin, A.N., Prognostic Risk Factor of the Development of Pathological Processes Based on Polymorphism of Xenobiotic Metabolism Metabolizing Xenobiotics, Fiziol. Chel., 2000, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 115 [Hum. Physiol. (Engl. Transl.), vol.26, no. 2, p. 224].

    Google Scholar 

  4. Licinio, J. and Wong, M., Eds., Pharmacogenomics: The Search for Individualized Therapies, Weinheim: Wiley, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Piruzyan, L.A., Sukhanov, V.A., Kalinina, E.V., and Saprin, A.N., Biomedical Aspects of Metabolic Portraiture, Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 2001, vol. 377, p. 129 [Dokl. Biochem. Biophys. (Engl. Transl.), vol. 377, p. 72].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Piruzyan, L.A., Sukhanov, V.A., Kalinina, E.V., et al., Enzyme System of Metabolism and Detoxication of Xenobiotics as a Basis for the Metabolic Portraying Used for Prognosis of Pathological Risks, Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Biol., 2002, no. 2, p. 149.

  7. Piruzyan, L.A. and Mikhailovskii, E.M., Metabolic “in-vivo Designing” of Tumors at the Level of an Organism and Population under Conditions of Individual Genetic Predisposition: Communication I, Fiziol. Chel., 2001, vol. 27, no. 3, p. 113 [Hum. Physiol. (Engl. Transl.), vol. 27, no. 3, p. 360].

    Google Scholar 

  8. Piruzyan, L.A. and Mikhailovskii, E.M., Metabolic Populational in-vivo Construction of Tumors under Conditions of Individual Genetic Predisposition: Communication II, Fiziol. Chel., 2002, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 101 [Hum. Physiol. (Engl. Transl.), vol. 28, no. 1, p. 88].

    Google Scholar 

  9. Piruzyan, L.A. and Mikhailovskii, E.M., Metabolic “in-vivo Designing” of Tumors at the Organism and Population Levels under Conditions of Individual Genetic Predisposition: Communication III, Fiziol. Chel., 2002, vol. 28, no. 5, p. 103 [Hum. Physiol. (Engl. Transl.), vol. 28, no. 5, p. 598].

    Google Scholar 

  10. Piruzyan, L.A. and Mikhailovskii, E.M., Metabolic “in-vivo Designing” of Tumors at the Organism and Population Level under Conditions of Individual Genetic Predisposition: Communication IV, Fiziol. Chel., 2003, vol. 29, no. 2, p. 118 [Hum. Physiol. (Engl. Transl.), vol. 29, no. 2, p. 238]

    Google Scholar 

  11. Budoff, M., Yang, T., Shavelle, R., et al., Ethnic Differences in Coronary Atherosclerosis, J. Am. College Cardiol., 2002, vol. 39, p. 408.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Woo, K., McCrohon, J., Chook, P., et al., Chinese Adult Are Less Susceptible Than Whites to Age-Related Endothelial Dysfunction, JACC, 1997, vol. 30, p. 113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Doevendans, P., Jukema, W., Spiering, W., et al., Molecular Genetics and Gene Expression in Atherosclerosis, Int. J. Cardiol., 2001, vol. 80, p. 161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Funke, H. and Assman, G., Strategies for the Assessment of Genetic Coronary Artery Disease Risk, Curr. Opin, Lipidol., 1999, vol. 10, p. 285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pedersen, T., Lipoprotein Changes and Reduction in the Incidence of Major Coronary Heart Disease Events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, Circulation, 1998, vol. 97, p. 1453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Maitland-van der Zee, A., Klungel, O., Strickler, B., et al., Genetic Polymorphisms: Importance for Response to HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Atherosclerosis, 2002, vol. 163, p. 213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Marcil, M., Mutations in the ABC1 Gene in Familial HDL Deficiency with Defective Cholesterol Efflux, Lancet, 1999, vol. 354, p. 1341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hill, S. and McQueen, M., Reverse Cholesterol Transport, Clin. Biochem., 1997, vol. 30, p. 517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Tall, A. and Wang, N., Tanger Disease as a Test of the Reverse Cholesterol Transport Hypotheses, J. Clin. Invest., 2000, vol. 106, p. 1205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Jukema, J., The Asp9 Asn Mutation in the Lipoprotein Lipase Gene Is Associated with Increased Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis, Circulation, 1996, vol. 94, p. 193.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mailly, F., A Common Variant in the Gene for Lipoprotein Lipase Asp9-Asn: Functional Implications and Prevalence in Normal and Hyperlipidemic Subjects, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1995, vol. 15, p. 468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Winkelmann, B., Hager, J., Kraus, W., et al., Genetics in Coronary Heart Disease: Current Knowledge and Research Principles, Am. Heart J., 2000, vol. 140,suppl., p. S11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. van den Ende, A., Lipoprotein (a), Adv. Clin. Chem., 1996, vol. 32, p. 73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Pati, U. and Pati, N., Lipoprotein (a), Atherosclerosis, and Apolipoprotein (a) Gene Polymorphism, Mol. Genet. Metab., 2000, vol. 71, p. 87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kronenberg, F., Role of Lipoprotein (a) and Apolipoprotein (a) Phenotype in Atherogenesis, Circulation, 1999, vol. 100, p. 1154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Talmud, P., Martin., S., Taskinen, M., et al., APOA5 Gene Variants, Lipoprotein Particle Distribution, and Progression of Coronary Heart Disease, J. Lipid Res., 2004, vol. 45, p. 750.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Dzau, V., Vascular Biology and Medicine in the 1990s: Scope, Concepts, Potentials, and Perspectives, Circulation, 1993, vol. 87, p. 705.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kuivenhoven, J., The Role of a Common Variant of the Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Gene in the Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis, New Engl. J. Med., 1998, vol. 338, p. 86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Owen J., Role of ABC1 Gene in Cholesterol Efflux and Atheroprotection, Lancet, 1999, vol. 354, p. 1402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Evans, D. and Beil, F., The Association of the R219K Polymorphism in the ATP-binding Cassette Transporter 1 (ABCA1) Gene with Coronary Heart Disease and Hyperlipidemia, J. Mol. Med., 2003, vol. 81, p. 264.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mertens, A., Verhamme, P., Bielicki, J., et al., Increased Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Impaired High-Density Lipoprotein Antioxidant Defense Are Associated with Increased Macrophage Homing and Atherosclerosis in Dyslipidemic Obese Mice, Circulation, 2003, vol. 107, p. 1640.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Doevendans, P. and van Bilsen, M., Transcription Factors and the Cardiac Gene Programme, Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol., 1996, vol. 28, p. 387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Shiau, M., Wu, C., Huang, C., et al., TNF-α Polymorphisms and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Taiwanese Patients, Tissue Antigens, 2003, vol. 61, p. 393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Tsuzura, S., Ikeda, Y., Suehiro, T., et al., Correlation of Plasma Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels to Vascular Complications and Human Serum Paraoxonase in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes, Metabolism, 2004, vol. 53, p. 297.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Yasushi, I., Hiroyuki, M., Hiroki, K., et al., Evidence for Association Between Paraoxonase Gene Polymorphisms and Atherosclerotic Diseases, Atherosclerosis, 2000, vol. 149, p. 435.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Zama, T., Murata, M., Matsubara, Y., et al., A 192Arg Variant of the Human Paraoxonase Gene Polymorphism Is Associated with an Increased Risk for Coronary Artery Disease in the Japanese, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1997, vol. 17, p. 3565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Odawara, M., Tachi, Y., and Yamashita, K., Paraoxonase Polymorphism (Gln192Arg) Is Associated with Coronary Artery Disease in Japanese, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1997, vol. 82, p. 2257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sanghera, D., Saha, N., Aston, C., and Kamboh, M., Genetic Polymorphism of Paraoxonase and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1997, vol. 17, p. 1067.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ruiz, J., Blanche, H., James, R., et al., Gln-Arg192 Polymorphism of Paraoxonase and Coronary Heart Disease in Type 2 Diabetes, Lancet, 1995, vol. 346, p. 869.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Serrato, M. and Marian, A., A Variant of Human Paraoxonase/Arylesterase Gene Is a Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease, J. Clin. Invest., 1995, vol. 96, p. 3005.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Suehiro, T., Nakauchi, Y., Yamamoto, M., et al., Paraoxonase Gene Polymorphism in Japanese Subjects with Coronary Heart Disease, Int. J. Cardiol., 1996, vol. 57, p. 69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Herrman, S., Blanc, H., Poirier, O., et al., The Gln/Arg Polymorphism of Human Paraoxonase (Pon 192) Is Not Related to Myocardial Infarction, Atherosclerosis, 1996, vol. 126, p. 299.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Antikainen, M., Murtomaki, S., Syvanne, M., et al., The Gln-Arg191 Polymorphism of the Human Paraoxonase Gene Is Not Associated with the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease in Finns, J. Clin. Invest., 1996, vol. 98, p. 883.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Rice J., Ossei-Gerning, N., Stickland, M., and Grant, P., The Paraoxonase Gln-Arg192 Polymorphism in Subjects with Ischaemic Heart Disease, Coron. Artery Dis., 1997, vol. 8, p. 677.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ombres, D., Pannitteri, G., Montali, A., et al., The Gln-Arg192 Polymorphism Is Not Associated with Coronary Artery Disease in Italian Patients, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1998, vol. 18, p. 1611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ko, J., Ko, J.L., Wang, S., et al., The Gln-Arg192 Polymorphism of the Human Paraoxonase Gene Is Not Associated with the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease among Chinese in Taiwan, Atherosclerosis, 1998, vol. 141, p. 259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Czalai, C., Keszei, M., Duba, J., et al., Polymorphism in the Promoter Region of the Apolipoprotein A5 Gene Is Associated with an Increased Susceptibility for Coronary Artery Disease, Atherosclerosis, 2004, vol. 173, p. 109.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Lee, K., Ayyobi, A., Frohlich, J., and Hill, J., APOA5 Gene Polymorphism Modulates Levels of Triglyceride, HDL Cholesterol, and FERHDL but Is Not a Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease, Atherosclerosis, 2004, vol. 176, p. 165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Shoulders, C., Jones, E., and Naoumova, R., Genetics of Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, Hum. Mol. Genet., 2004, vol. 13, p. R149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Sans, S., Kasteloot, H., Kromhout, D., The burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Mortality in Europe, Eur. Heart. J., 1997, vol. 18, p. 1231.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Baronil, M., Berni, A., Romeo, S., et al., Genetic Study of Common Variants at the ApoE, ApoA1, ApoC3, ApoB, LPL, and Hepatic Lipase, (LIPC) Genes and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), BMC Med. Genet., 2003, vol. 4, p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Bertolini, S., Pisciotta, L., Di Scala, L., et al., Genetic Polymorphisms Affecting the Phenotypic Expression of Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Atherosclerosis, 2004, vol. 174, p. 57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Izar, M., Fonseca, F., Ihara, S., et al., Risk Factors, Biochemical Markers, and Genetic Polymorphism in Early Coronary Artery Disease, Arq. Bras. Cadiol., 2003, vol. 80, p. 375.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Schmidt, H. and Kostner, M., Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Austria Reflects the Multi-ethnic Origin of Our Country, Atherosclerosis, 2000, vol. 148, p. 431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ferencak, G., Pasalic, D., Grskovic, B., et al., Lipoprotein Lipase Gene Polymorphisms in Croatian Patients with Coronary Artery Disease, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2003, vol. 41, p. 541.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Machicao, F., Staiger, H., Fritsche, A., et al., Association of the −514C → T Polymorphism in the Hepatic Lipase Gene Promoter with Elevated Fasting Insulin Concentrations, but not Insulin Resistance, in Nondiabetic Germans, Horm. Metab. Res., 2004, vol. 36, p. 303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ashavaid, T., Shalia, K., Kondkar, A., et al., Gene Polymorphism and Coronary Risk Factors in Indian Population, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2002, vol. 40, p. 975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Puri, R., Tewari, S., Sinha, N., et al., Polymorphisms in the ApoB B-100 Gene: Association with Plasma Lipid Concentration and CAD, Indian Heart J., 2003, vol. 55, p. 60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Misra, A., Luthra, K., and Vikram, N., Dyslipidemia in Asian Indians, J. Assoc. Physicians India, 2004, vol. 52, p. 137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hamdy, S., Hiratsuka, M., Narahara, K., et al., Allele and Genotype Frequencies of Polymorphic DCP1, CETP, ADRB2, and HTR2A in the Egyptian Population, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2002, vol. 58, p. 29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kuivenhoven., J., Wouter, J., Zwinderman, A., et al., The Role of a Common Variant of the Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Gene in the Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis, New Engl. J. Med., 1998, vol. 33, p. 86.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Corella, D., Saiz, C., and Guillen, M., Association of Taq1B Polymorphism in the Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Gene with Plasma Lipid Levels in a Healthy Spanish Population, Atherosclerosis, 2000, vol. 152, p. 367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Song, G., Han, G., Chae, J., et al., The Effects of the Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Gene and Environmental Factors on the Plasma High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in the Korean Population, Mol. Cells, 1997, vol. 7, p. 615.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Gudnason, V., Kakko, S., Nicaud, V., et al., CETP Gene Effect on CETP Activity and Plasma HDLP in European Populations, Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 1999, vol. 29, p. 116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Garin, M., James, R., Dussoix, P., et al., Paraoxonase Polymorphism Met-Leu54 Is Associated with Modified Serum Concentrations of the Enzyme, J. Clin. Invest., 1997, vol. 99., p. 62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Sandhera, D., Aston, C., Saha, N., and Kamboh, M., DNA Polymorphism in Two Paraoxonase Genes Are Associated with the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 1998, vol. 62, p. 36.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Pickup, J., Mattock, M., Chusney, G., and Burt, D., NIDDM As a Disease of the Innate Immune System: Association of Acute Phase Reactants and Interleukin-6 with Metabolic Syndrome X, Diabetologia, 1997, vol. 40, p. 1286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Pickup, J., Chusney, G., Thomas, S., and Burt, D., Plasma IL-6, α-TNF, and Blood Cytokine Production in Type 2 Diabetes, Life Sci., 2000, vol. 67, p. 291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hotamisligil, G., Arner, P., Caro, J., et al., Increased Adipose Tissue Expression of TNF-α in Human Obesity and Insulin Resistance, J. Clin. Invest., 1995, vol. 95, p. 2409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Wilson, A., di Giovine, F., Blakemore, A., et al., Single Base Polymorphism in the TNF-α Gene, Hum. Mol. Genet., 1992, vol. 1, p. 353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Wilson, A., Symons, J., McDowell, T., et al., Effects of a Polymorphism in the Human TNF-α Promoter on Transcriptional Activation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1997, vol. 94, p. 3195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kroeger, K., Steer, J., Joyce, D., and Abraham, L., Effect of Stimulus and Cell Type on the Expression of the 308-TNF Promoter Polymorphism, Cytokine, 2000, vol. 12, p. 110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Louis, E., Franchimont, D., Piron, A., et al., TNF Gene Polymorphism Influences TNF-α Production in LPS-stimulated Whole Blood Cell Culture in Healthy Humans, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1998, vol. 113, p. 401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. D’Alfonso, S. and Richiardi, P., A Polymorphic Variation in a Putative Regulation Box of the TNFA Promoter Region, Immunogentetics, 1994, vol. 39, p. 150.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Grove, J., Daly, A., Bassendine, B., and Day, C., Association of TNFA Promoter Polymorphism with Susceptibility to Alcoholic Stearohepatitis, Hepatology, 1997, vol. 26, p. 143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Lee, S., Pu, Y., Thomas, G., et al., TNFA Gene G-308A Polymorphism in the Metabolic Syndrome, Metabolism, 2000, vol. 49, p. 1021.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hoffstedt, J., Eriksson, P., Hellstrom, L., et al., Excessive Fat Accumulation Is Associated with the TNFA-308G/A Promoter Polymorphism in Women but not in Men, Diabetologia, 2000, vol. 43, p. 117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Herrmann, S., Ricard, S., Nicaud V., et al., Polymorphism of the TNF-α Gene, Coronary Heart Disease, and Obesity, Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 1998, vol. 28, p. 59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Brand, E., Schorr, U., Kunz I., et al., TNF-α-308G/A Polymorphism in Obese Caucasians, Int. J. Obese Relat. Metab. Disord., 2001, vol. 25, p. 581.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Dalziel, B., Gosby, A., Richman, R., et al., Association of the TNFA-308G/A Promoter Polymorphism with Insulin Resistance in Obesity, Obes. Res., 2002, vol. 10, p. 401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Shue, W., Lee, W., Lin, L., et al., TNFA-238 and-308 Polymorphisms Do Not Associate with Insulin Resistance in Hypertensive Subjects, Metabolism, 2001, vol. 50, p. 1447.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Walston, J., Seibert, M., Yen, C., et al., TNFA-238 and 308 Polymorphisms Do Not Associate with Traits Related to Obesity and Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, 1999, vol. 48, p. 2096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Koch, M., Rett, K., Volk, A., et al., TNFA-238G/A and-308G/A Promoter Polymorphisms Are Not Associated with Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion in Young Healthy Relatives of Type 2 Diabetic Patients, Diabetologia, 2000, vol. 43, p. 181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Fernandes-Real, J., Guttierez, C., Richar, W., et al., The TNF-α Gene Nco1 Polymorphism Influences the Relationship among Insulin Resistance, Percent Body Fat, and Increased Serum Leptin Levels, Diabetes, 1997, vol. 46, p. 1468.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Grant, P., The Genetics of Atherothrombotic Disorders, J. Thromb. Haemost., 2003, vol. 1, p. 1381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Chandler, A., Coronary Thrombosis in Myocardial Infarction, Am. J. Cardiol., 1974, vol. 34, p. 823.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Davis, M. and Thomas, A., Thrombosis and Acute Coronary Artery Lesions in Sudden Cardiac Ischemic Death, New. Engl. J. Med., 1984, vol. 310, p. 1137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. DeWood, M., Spores, J., Notske, M., et al., Prevalence of Total Coronary Occlusion during the Early Hours of Transmural Myocardial Infarction, New Engl. J. Med., 1980, vol. 303, p. 897.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Allen, J., Young, D., Blumenthal, R., et al., Prevalence of Hypercholesterolemia among Siblings of Persons with Premature Coronary Heart Disease, Arch. Intern. Med., 1996, vol. 156, p. 1654.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Newman, P., Derbes, R., and Aster, R., The Human Platelet Alloantigens, PLA1 and PLA2, Are Associated with a Leu33Pro Polymorphism in Membrane GP IIIA and Are Distinguishable by DNA Typing, J. Clin. Invest., 1989, vol. 83, p. 1778.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Nurden, A., Polymorphisms of Human Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins: Structure and Clinical Significance, Thromb. Haemost., 1995, vol. 74, p. 345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Weiss, E., Goldschmidt-Clermont, P., Grigoryev, D., et al., A monoclonal antibody (SZ21) Specific for Platelet GPIIIa Distinguishes PLA1 from PLA2, Tissue Antigens, 1995, vol. 46, p. 374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Weiss, E., Bray, P., Tayback, M., et al., A Polymorphism of a Platelet Glycoprotein Receptor As an Inherited Risk Factor for Coronary Thrombosis, New Engl. J. Med., 1996, vol. 334, p. 1090.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Goldschmidt-Clermont, P., Roos, C., and Cooke, G., Platelet PLA2 Polymorphism and Thromboembolic Events: From Inherited Risk to Pharmacogenetics, J. Thrombosis Thrombolysis, 1999, vol. 8, p. 89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Grove, E., Orntoft, T., Lassen, J., et al., The Platelet Polymorphism PIA2 Is a Genetic Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction, J. Intern. Med., 2004, vol. 255, p. 637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Cooke, G., Bray, P., Hamlington, J., et al., PLA2 Polymorphism and Efficacy of Aspirin, Lancet, 1998, vol. 351, p. 1253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Zotikov, E.A., Platelet Antigens and Antibodies Specific to Them, Byull. Eksp. Biol. Med., 2000, vol. 129, p. 244.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Jones, D., Bunce, M., Fuggle, S., et al., Human Platelet Alloantigens, Eur. J. Immunogenet., 2003, vol. 30, p. 415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Kim, H., Jin, Y., Blakemore, K., et al., Gene Frequencies of the Major Human Platelet Antigens in African American, White, and Korean Populations, Tranfusion, 1995, vol. 10, p. 863.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Chiba, B., Kuwano, F., Carvalho, V., et al., Platelet Alloantigen Frequencies in Amazon Indians and Brazilian Blood Donors, Transfus. Med., 2000, vol. 10, p. 207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Drzevek, D., Brojer, N., and Zupanska, L., The Frequency of Human Platelet Antigen (HPA) Genotypes in the Polish Population, Transfus. Med., 1998, vol. 8, p. 339.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Castro, V., Origa, A., Annichino, J., et al., Frequencies of Platelet-specific Alloantigen Systems 1–5 in Three Distinct Ethnic Groups in Brazil, Eur. J. Immunogenet., 1999, vol. 26, p. 355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Covas, D., Delgado, M., Zeitune, M., et al., Gene Frequencies of the HPA-1 and HPA-2 Platelet Antigen Alleles among the Amerindians, Vox Sanguinis, 1997, vol. 73, p. 182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Seo, P., Kim, F., and Ueno, H., Gene Frequencies of Eight Human Platelet-specific Antigens in Koreans, Transfus. Med., 1998, vol. 8, p. 129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Halle, L., Bach, H., Martageix, C., et al., Eleven Human Platelet Systems Studied in the Vietnamese and Ma’ohis Polynesian Populations, Tissue Antigens, 2004, vol. 63, p. 34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Bennett, J., Palmer, L., and Musk, A., Gene Frequencies of Human Platelet Antigens 1–5 in Indigenous Australians in Western Australia, Transfus. Med., 2002, vol. 12, p. 199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Chen, F., Jian, Z., Xie, Q., et al., Polymorphism of Human Platelet Alloantigen in Chinese Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Acute Ischemic Stroke, Chin. Med. J., 2000, vol. 113, p. 702.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Zhang, K., Wang, Z., Wang, B., and Li, Y., Analysis of Human Platelet Antigen Genotypic Frequencies in Chinese Populations, Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi, 2001, vol. 9, p. 256.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Reiner, A. and Teramura, G., A Modified PCR-RFLP Genotyping Method Demonstrates the Presence of the HPA-4b Platelet Alloantigen in a North American Indian Population, Immunohematology, 1997, vol. 13, p. 37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Shih, M., Liu, T., Lin, I., et al., Gene Frequencies of the HPA-1 to HPA-12, Oe and Gov Platelet Antigen Alleles in Taiwanese, Indonesian, Filipino, and Thai Populations, Int. J. Mol., Med., 2003, vol. 12, p. 609.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Lai, Y., Chen, F., Xie, Q., et al., Gene Frequency of HPA among Human Population of Han Nationality, Human Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao, 1997, vol. 22, p. 491.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Rozman, P., Drabbels, J., Schipper, R., et al., Genotyping for Human Platelet-specific Antigens HPA-1–5 in the Slovenian Population, Eur. J. Immunogenet., 1999, vol. 26, p. 265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Mojaat, N., Halle, L., Proulle, V., et al., Gene Frequencies of Human Platelet Antigens in the Tunisian Population, Tissue Antigens, 1999, vol. 54, p. 201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Ferrer, G., Muniz-Diaz, E., Alujia, M., et al., Analysis of Human Platelet Antigen Systems in a Moroccan Berber Population, Transfus. Med., 2002, vol. 12, p. 49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Liu, T., Shih, M., Lin, C., et al., Gene Frequencies af the HPA-1 to HPA-8w Platelet Antigen Alleles in Taiwanese, Indonesian and Thai, Ann. Hematol., 2002, vol. 81, p. 244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Lyou, J., Chen, Y, Hu, H., et al., PCR with Sequence-specific Primer-based Simultaneous Genotyping of Human Platelet Antigen-1 to-13w, Trasfusion, 2002, vol. 42, p. 1089.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Cozen, A., Moriwaki, H., Kremen, M., et al., Macrophage-targeted Overexpression of Urokinase Causes Accelerated Atherosclerosis, Coronary Artery Occlusions, and Premature Death, Circulation, 2004, vol. 109, p. 2129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Festa, A., D’Agostino, R., Rich, S., et al., Promoter (4G/5G) Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Genotype and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Levels in Blacks, Hispanics, and Non-Hispanic Whites, Circulation, 2003, vol. 107, p. 2422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Tregouet, D., Barbaux, S., Poirier, O., et al., SELPLG Gene Polymorphisms in Relation to Plasma SELPLG Levels and CAD, Ann. Hum. Genet., 2003, vol. 67 (pt. 6), p. 504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Ye, S., Eriksson, P., Hamsten, A., et al., Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis Is Associated with a Common Genetic Variant of the Human Stromelysin-1 Promoter Which Results in Reduced Gene Expression, J. Biol. Chem., 1996, vol. 271, p. 13055.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Nikkari, S., O’Brien, K., Ferguson, M., et al., Intestinal Collagenase (MMP-1) Expression in Human Carotid Atherosclerosis, Circulation, 1995, vol. 92, p. 1393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Galis, Z., Sukhova, G., Kranzhofer, R., et al., Macrophage Foam Cells from Experimental Atheroma Constitutively Produce Matrix-degrading Proteinases, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1995, vol. 92, p. 402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Han, X., Fiehler, R., and Broze, G., Isolation of a Protein Z-dependent Plasma Protease Inhibitor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, vol. 95, p. 9250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Han, X., Huang, Z., Fiehler, R., and Broze, G., The Protein Z-dependent Protease Inhibitor Is a Serpin, Biochemistry, 1999, vol. 38, p. 11073.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Han, X., Fiehler, R., and Broze, G., Characterization of the Protein Z-dependent Protease Inhibitor, Blood, 2000, vol. 96, p. 3049.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Heeb, M., Paganini-Hill, A., Griffin, J., and Fisher, M., Low Protein Z Levels and Risk of Ischemic Stroke: Differences by Diabetic Status and Gender, Blood Cells. Mol. Diseases, 2002, vol. 29, p. 139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Casas, J., Hingorani, A., Bautista, L., and Sharma, P., Meta-Analysis of Genetic Studies in Ischemic Stroke: Thirty-Two Genes Involving Approximately 18000 Cases and 58000 Controls, Arch. Neurol., 2004, vol. 61, p. 1652.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Original Russian Text © V.A. Sukhanov, L.A. Piruzyan, 2006, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2006, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 98–110.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sukhanov, V.A., Piruzyan, L.A. Physiological and ethnogenetic risk factors for cardiovascular thrombosis. Hum Physiol 32, 334–345 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119706030145

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119706030145

Keywords

Navigation