Skip to main content
Log in

The Ecology of Meromictic Lakes in Russia. 2. Continental Water Bodies

  • HYDROCHEMISTRY, HYDROBIOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
  • Published:
Water Resources Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Meromictic water bodies (water bodies with stable vertical water stratification, which forms because of a difference between the density of its layers) is a rare phenomenon, which deserves protection. On the territory of Russia the territory of Russia in its boundaries of 2020, 53 meromictic lakes were identified, including 30 coastal water bodies of marine origin, 10 karst lakes, 5 glacial lakes, and 4 drainless salt meromictic water bodies in arid zone. A review is given for the main ecological features of continental meromictic lakes and for original methods used to study stratified water bodies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Ayunov, D.E., Duchkov, A.D., Kazantsev, S.A., Romanenko, V.V., and Subbotin, S.B., Recent thermal regime of lake Atomic (Semipalatinsk test site), Geol. Geofiz., 2017, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 1082–1086.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Borzenko, S.V. and Zamana, L.V., Sulfate reduction as a factor of soda water formation in Lake Doroninskoe (Eastern Transbaikalia), Vestn. TGU, 2008, no. 312, pp. 188–193.

  3. Borzenko, S.V., Zamana, L.V., and Noskova, E.V., Meromixis of Lake Doroninskoe (Eastern Transbaikalia), Adv. Curr. Nat. Sci., 2015, no. 1, pp. 420–425.

  4. Bykova, S.V., Ecological peculiarity, spatial and temporal distribution of ciliates from pelagic plankton of a fresh meromictic waterbody, Inland Water B-iol., 2015, no. 2, pp. 166–176.

  5. Voyakina, E.Yu., Vertical phytoplankton structure in two small forest lakes of the Balaam Archipelago, in Sostoyanie i problemy produktsionnoi gidrobiologii (The State and Problems of Prodiction Hydrobiology), Moscow: KMK, 2006.

  6. Gaidin, A.M., Formation of water chemistry at the inundation of sulfur quarries, Geoekol. Inz. Geol. Gidrogeol.. Geokriol., 2008, no. 2, pp. 118–123.

  7. Gorbunov, M.Yu., Anoxia in karst water bodies of the Middle Volga region, Ekologicheskii sbornik 7. Tr. molodykh uchenykh. Vseros. molodezh. nauch. konf. (Ecological Coll. Pap. 7. Works of Young Researchers. Russ. Sci. Conf. of Young Researchers), Tolyatti: Inst. Ekol. Volzh. Bas., Ross. Akad. Nauk, “Anna,” 2019.

  8. Gorbunov, M.Yu. and Umanskaya, M.V., Anoxygenic phototrophic phototroph bacteria in water bodies of especially protected territories in Samara oblast, in Ekologicheskie problemy zapovednykh territorii Rossii (Environmental Problems of Protected Territories in Russia), Tolyatti: Inst. Ekol. Volzh. Bas., Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2003, pp. 136–144.

  9. Gorbunov, M.Yu. and Umanskaya, M.V., Autecology of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in water bodies of Samara oblast, Izv. Samarskogo Nauch. Ts. Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2010, vol. 12, no. 1, vol. 4, pp. 934–940.

  10. Gorbunov, M.Yu. and Umanskaya, M.V., On the vertical distribution of the prokaryotic phototrophic plankton in the Nizhnij Pond of Samara Botanic Garden, Samarskaya Luka: Byul., 2007, vol. 16, nos. 1–2, vols. 19–20, pp. 144–155.

  11. Gorbunov, M.Yu., Umanskaya, M.V., and Krasnova, E.S., Characteristics of abiotic condition in the ecosystem of Nizhnij Pond (Samara Botanic Garden), Samarskaya Luka: Byul., 2007, vol. 16, nos. 1–2, vols. 19–20, pp. 131–143.

  12. Gorlenko, V.M., Buryukhaev, S.P., Matyugina, E.B., Borzenko, S.V., Namsaraev, Z.B., Bryantseva, I.A., Boldareva, E.N., Sorokin, D.Yu., and Namsaraev, B.B., Microbial communities of the stratified soda Lake Doroninskoe (Transbaikal Region), Microbiology, 2010, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 390–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Gorlenko, V.M., Vainshtein, M.B., and Chebotarev, E.N., Bacteria of sulfur and iron cycles in a low-sulfate meromictic Lake Kuznechikha, Mikrobiologiya, 1980, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 804–812.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gorlenko, V.M. and Chebotarev, E.N., Microbiological processes in the meromictic Lake Sakovo, Mikrobiologiya, 1981, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 134–139.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gorlenko, V.M., Chebotarev, E.N., and Kachal-kin, V.I., Contribution of microorganisms to sulfur cycle in Lake Pomyaretskoe, Mikrobiologiya, 1974, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 908–913.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Dubinina, G.A. and Deryugina, Z.P., Microbiological processes of iron form transformations in a meromictic lake, Zh. Obshch. Biol., 1969, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 602–610.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Egorova, A.A., Microbiological studies of Lake Belovod, Mikrobiologiya, 1951, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 103–112.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Zabelina, S.A., Kompantseva, E.I., Chupakov, A.V., and Ershova, A.A., Seasonal dynamics of photosynthetic pigments in a freshwater meromictic lake, Biodiagnostika sostoyaniya prirodnykh i prirodno-tekhnogennykh sistem. Materialy XII Vseros. nauch.-prakt. konf. (Biodiagnostics of the State of Natural and Natural–Technogenic Systems, Proc. XII Russian Sci.-Pract. Conf.), vol. 1, Kirov: Vesi, 2014, pp. 119–123.

  19. Zaitsev, A.I., Semin, S.V., and Kostenko, I.S., Field measurements and numerical modeling of hydrological parameters in Lake Tunaicha, Tr. NGTU, 2014, vol. 1, no. 103, pp. 46–52.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ivanov, M.V., Application of isotopes for studying the rate of sulfate reduction process in Lake Belovod, Mikrobiologiya, 1956, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 306–309.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kokryatskaya, N.M., Chupakov, A.V., Titova, K.V., Chupakova, A.A., Zabelina, S.A., Moreva, O.Yu., Neverova, N.V., and Zhibareva, T.A., Hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics of the iron-manganese meromictic freshwater lake Svetloe (Arkhangelsk Region), Zhurn. Sam. Fed. Univ. Biologiya, 2019, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 147–159.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kokryatskaya, N.M., Chupakov, A.V., Titova, K.V., and Shevchenko, V.P., Hydrochemical characteristic of stratified lakes in the Svetlaya River system (White Sea–Kuloi Plateau), Problemy obespecheniya ekol. bezopasnosti i ustoichivoe razvitie arkticheskikh territorii. Sb. materialov Vseros. konf. “II Yudakhinskie chteniya” (Problems of Env. Safety and Sustainable Development of Arctic Territories. Proc. Russian Conf. “II Yudakhin Readings”), Arkhangel’sk: OM-media, 2019, pp. 290–294.

  23. Krasnova, E.D., Voronov, D.A., Demidenko, N.A., Kokryatskaya, N.M., Pantyulin, A.N., Rogatykh, T.A., Samsonov, T.E., and Frolova, N.L., For inventory of relict basins separated from the White Sea, in Kompleksnye issledovaniya Bab’ego morya, polu-izolirovannoi belomorskoi laguny: geologiya, gidrologiya, biota—izmeneniya na fone transgressii beregov (Integrated Studies of the Bab’e Sea, a Semi-Isolated White-Sea Lagoon: Geology, Hydrology, Biota—Changes at Shore Transgression), Tr. Belomorskoi biostantsii MGU, vol. 12, Moscow: Tovarishchestvo nauch. izd. KMK, 2016, pp. 211–241.

  24. Krasnova, E.S., Umanskaya, M.V., and Gorbunov, M.Yu., Phototrophic bacteria in the stratified lakes in the middle reaches of the Ik river, Izv. Penz. gos. ped. univ. Estestv. nauki, 2011, no. 25, pp. 528–534.

  25. Kuznetsov, N.I., On some interesting lakes of Vladimir guberniya, Tr. Vladimirskogo obshch. lyubitelei estestvoznaniya, 1909, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 59–85.

  26. Luk’yanov, P.Yu., Gurulev, A.A., Orlov, A.O., and Tsyrenzhapov, S.V., Measuring devices for water parameters investigation of meromictic water bodies, Uch. Zap. ZabGU. Ser.: Fiz., matem., tekhn., tekhnol., 2014, vol. 3, no. 56, pp. 69–73.

  27. Lunina, O.N., Zhil’tsova, A.A., Emel’yantsev, P.S., Savvichev, A.S., and Patsaeva, S.V., Quantitative determination of bacteriochlorophylls d and e in extracts from natural water samples with simultaneous presence of green- and brown-colored green sulfur bacteria, Microbiology, 2019, vol. 88, no. 6, pp. 777–780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Lunina, O.N., Savvichev, A.S., Babenko, V.V., Boldyreva, D.I., Kolganova, T.V., Krasnova, E.D., Kokryatskaya, N.M., Veslopolova, E.F., Voronov, D.A., Demidenko, N.A., Letarova, M.A., Letarov, A.V., and Gorlenko, V.M., Seasonal variations in the structure of an anoxygenic phototrophic bacterial community from the meromictic Lake Trekhtsvetnoe (Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea), Microbiology, 2019, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 100–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Lyalikova, N.N., Studying the process of fixation of free carbon dioxide by purple sulfur bacteria in Lake Belovod, Mikrobiologiya, 1957, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 92–98.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Moreva, O.Yu., Ershova, A.A., and Chupakov, A.V., Concentration of phosphorus and silicon compounds in small lakes of northwestern Russia (Arkhangelsk oblast) in Organicheskoe veshchestvo i biogennye elementy vo vnutrennikh vodoemakh i morskikh vodakh. Materialy V Vseros. simpoz. (Organic Matter and Nutrients in Inland Water Bodies and Seawater. Trans. V Russian Symp.), Petrozavodsk: Kar. Nauch. Ts. Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2012, pp. 184–187.

  31. Piotrovskii, V.F. and Ditmar, B.P., The limnology of Petrozavodskii uezd, Olonetskaya guberniya, Izv. Imperatorsk. Rus. Geogr. Obshch., 1912, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 225–279.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Prirodnye vody Shirinskogo raiona Respubliki Khakasiya (Natural Waters of Shirinskii Region, the Republic of Khakassia), Tomsk: Tomsk Gos. Univ., 2003.

  33. Rogozin, D.Yu., Meromikticheskie ozera Severo-Minusinskoi kotloviny: zakonomernosti stratifikatsii i ekologiya fototrofnykh sernykh bakterii (Meromictic Lakes of the Severo-Minusinskaya Depression: Regularities of Stratification and the Ecology of Phototrophic Sulfur Bacteria), Krasnoyarsk: IF SO RAN, 2019.

  34. Rogozin, D.Yu., Pimenov, N.V., Kosolapov, D.B., Chan’kovskaya, Yu.V., and Degermendzhi, A.G., Thin-layer vertical distributions of purple sulfur bacteria in chemocline zones of meromictic lakes Shira and Shunet (Khakassia), Dokl. Biol. Sci., 2005, vol. 400, no. 3, pp. 54–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Rogozin, D.Yu., Trusova, M.Yu., Khromechek, E.B., and Degermendzhi, A.G., Microbial community of the chemocline of the meromictic Lake Shunet (Khakassia, Russia) during summer stratification, Microbiology (Moscow), 2010, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 253–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Savvichev, A.S. and Rusanov, I.I., Lake Mertvoe—a meromictic water body on Solovetskii Island, “Problemy monitoringa prirodnoi sredy Solovetskogo arkhipelaga.” Materialy IV Vseros. nauch. konf. (“Problems of Environmental Monitoring in the Solovetskii Archipelago” Proc. IV All-Russia Sci. Conf.), Arkhangel’sk, 2009, pp. 57–59.

  37. Umanskaya, M.V., Tarasova, N.G., and Gorbunov, M.Yu., Phototrophic plankton of siderotrophic meromictic Lake Kuznechikha (Republic Mari El, Russia), Inland Water Biol., 2017, no. 2, pp. 158–167.

  38. Chupakov, A.V., Pokrovskii, O.S., Shirokova, L.S., Vorob’eva, T.Ya., Zabelina, S.A., Kokryatskaya, N.M., Moreva, O.Yu., Ershova, A.A., Shorina, N.V., and Klimov, S.I., Hydrochemical features of the freshwater meromictic Lake Svetloe (Arkhangelsk oblast), Arctic Eviron. Research, 2013, no. 1, pp. 20–31.

  39. Chupakov, A.V., Shirokova, L.S., and Pokrovskii, O.S., Seasonal dynamics of the concentration of dissolved organic carbon in contrast lakes of Arkhnangel’sk oblast, in Organicheskoe veshchestvo i biogennye elementy vo vnutrennikh vodoemakh i morskikh vodakh. Materialy V Vseros. simpoz. (Organic Matter and Nutrients in Inland Water Bodies and Seawater. Proc. V All-Russ. Symp.), Petrozavodsk: Kar. Nauch. Ts., Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2012, pp. 182–184.

  40. Shaporenko, S.I., Korneeva, G.A., Pantyulin, A.N., and Pertsova, N.M., Characteristics of the ecosystems of water bodies separating from Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea, Water Resour., 2005, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 469–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Belolipetskii, V.M., Degermendzhy, A.G., Zykov, V.V., and Rogozin, D.Yu., One-dimensional model for studying seasonal changes of vertical structure of Salt Lake Uchum, J. Siberian Federal Univ. Math. Phys., 2019, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Belolipetskii, V.M., Genova, S.N., Degermendzhy, A.G., and Tolomeyev, A.P., Baroclinic seiches for three-layer density stratification in the basin of rectangular shape, J. Sib. Federal Univ. Math. Phys., 2015, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 148–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Chupakova, A.A., Moreva, O.Yu., Shirokova, L.S., Zabelina, S.A., Vorobieva, T.Y., Klimov, S.I., Brovko, O.S., and Pokrovsky, O.S., Allochthonous and autochthonous carbon in deep, organic-rich and organic-poor lakes of the European Russian Subarctic, Boreal Environ. Res., 2017, vol. 22, p. 213–230.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Degermendzhy, A.G., Belolipetsky, V.M., Zotina, T.A., and Gulati, R.D., Formation of the vertical heterogeneity in the Lake Shira ecosystem: the biological mechanisms and mathematical model, Aquat. Ecol., 2002, vol. 36, pp. 271–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Ecology of meromictic lakes, Ecol. Studies, Gulati, R.D., Zadereev, E., and Degermendzhi, A.G., Eds., 2017, vol. 228.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Findenegg, I., Limnologische Untersuchungen im Kärntener Seengebiete. Ein Beitrag zu Kenntnis des Stoffhaushaltes in Alpenseen, Int. Rev. Gesamten. Hydrobiol. Hydrogr., 1935, vol. 32, pp. 369–423.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Genova, S.N., Belolipetskii, V.M., Rogozin, D.Y., and Degermendzhi, A.G., A one-dimensional model of vertical stratification of Lake Shira focused on winter conditions and ice cover, Aquat. Ecol., 2010, vol. 44, pp. 571–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Gorbunov, M.Yu. and Umanskaya, M.V., Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in small lakes of forest-steppe region of Volga basin (European Russia), Proc. TAAL, 12th World Lakes Conf., Jaipur, 2008, pp. 435−443.

  49. Gorbunov, M.Yu. and Umanskaya, M.V., Karst meromictic lakes of the forest zone of the middle Volga basin, Geografiya: razvitie nauki i obrazovaniya (Geography: Development of Science and Education), vol. I, Kollektivnaya monografiya po mat-lam ezhegodnoi Vseros. nauch.-prakt. konf. “LXXII Gertsenovskie chteniya” (Multi-Author Book by Materials of Annual All-Russia Sci.-Pract. Conf. “LXXII Gertsenovskie Readings”), St. Petersburg: Asterion, 2019, pp. 282–286.

  50. Gorlenko, V.M., Phototrophic sulfur bacteria of salt meromictic lakes and their role in sulfur cycle, Environ. Biogeochem. Geomicrobiol., 1978, vol. 1, pp. 100–119.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Gorlenko, V.M., The role of purple and green bacteria in the carbon and sulfur cycles in stratified lakes, Interactions of Biogeochem. Cycles Aquatic Ecosystems, Hamburg: SCOPE-UNEP, 1992, pp. 51–58.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Gorlenko, W.M. and Kuznetsov, S.I., Uber die photosynthesierenden bakterien des Kononjer-Sees, Arch. Hydrobiol., 1972, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Gorlenko, V.M., Vainstein, M.V., and Chebotarev, E.N., Bacteria of sulfur and iron cycles in the low-sulfate meromictic Lake Kuznechikha, Arch. Microbiol., 1980, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 653–659.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Hakala, A., Meromixis as a part of lake evolution—observations and a revised classification of true meromictic lakes in Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 2004, vol. 9, pp. 37–53.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hall, K.J. and Northcote, T.G., Meromictic lakes, in Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs, Dordrecht: Springer, 2012, pp. 519–524.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Luk'yanov, P.Yu., Krylov, S.D., Orlov, A.O., Tsyrenzhapov, S.V., Kharin, Yu.V., and Shchegrina, K.A., Heat and mass exchange in the meromictic soda Doroninskoe Lake, Water Resour., 2018, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 50–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Matyugina, E., Belkova, N., Borzenko, S., Lukyanov, P., Kabilov, M., Baturina, O., Martynova-Van Kley A., Nalian, F., and Ptitsyn, A., Structure and diversity dynamics of microbial communities at day and night: investigation of meromictic Lake Doroninskoe, Transbaikalia, Russia, J. Ocean. Limnol., 2018, vol. 36, no. 6, p. 1978–1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Overmann, J., Mahoney Lake: A case study of the ecological significance of phototrophic sulfur bacteria, Adv. Microb. Ecol., 1997, pp. 251–289.

  59. Rogozin, D.Y. and Degermendzhy, A.G., Hydraulically-operated thin-layer sampler for sampling heterogeneous water columns, J. Sib. Fed. Univ., 2008, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 111–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Rogozin, D.Yu., Pimenov, N.V., Kosolapov, D.B., Chan’kovskaya, Yu.V., and Degermendzhy, A.G., Thin-layer vertical distributions of purple sulfur bacteria in chemocline zones of meromictic lakes Shira and Shunet (Khakassia), Dokl. Biol. Sci., 2005, vol. 400, pp. 54–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Savvichev, A., Kokryatskaya, N., Zabelina, S., Rusanov, I., Zakharova, E., Veslopolova, E., Lunina, O., Patutina, E., Bumazhkin, B., Gruzdev, D., Sigalevich, P., Pimenov, N., Kuznetsov, B., and Gorlenko, V., Microbial processes of the carbon and sulfur cycles in an ice-covered, iron-rich meromictic Lake Svetloe (Arkhangelsk Region, Russia), Environ. Microbiol., 2017.

  62. Savvichev, A.S., Rusanov, I.I., Rogozin, D.Yu., Zakharova, E.E., Lunina, O.N., Bryantseva, I.A., Yusupov, S.K., Pimenov, N.P., Degermendzhi, A.G., and Ivanov, M.V., Microbiological and isotopic-geochemical investigations of meromictic lakes in Khakasia in winter, Microbiology, 2005, vol. 74, pp. 477–485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Stewart, K.M., Walker, K.F., and Likens, G.E., Meromictic lakes, Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, Oxford: Acad. Press, 2009, pp. 589–602.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Walker, K.F. and Likens, G.E., Meromixis and recognized typology of the lake circulation patterns, Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol., 1975, vol. 19, pp. 442–458.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Zadereev, E.S., Tolomeyev, A.P., Drobotov, A.V., Emeliyanova, A.Yu., and Gubanov, M.V., The vertical distribution and abundance of Gammarus lacustris in the pelagic zone of the meromictic lakes Shira and Shunet (Khakassia, Russia), Aquat. Ecol., 2010, vol. 44, pp. 531–539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Zamana, L.V. and Borzenko, S.V., Hydrogen sulfide and other reduced forms of sulfur in oxic waters of Lake Doroninskoe, Eastern Transbaikalia, Dokl. Earth Sci. Proc. Rus. Acad. Sci., 2007, vol. 417, pp. 1268–1271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Zotina, T.A., Tolomeyev, A.P., and Degermendzhy, N.N., Lake Shira, a Siberian salt lake: ecosystem, structure and function. 1. Major physico-chemical and biological features, Int. J. Salt Lake Res., 1999, vol. 8, pp. 211–232.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 19-15-50 136.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. D. Krasnova.

Additional information

Translated by G. Krichevets

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Krasnova, E.D. The Ecology of Meromictic Lakes in Russia. 2. Continental Water Bodies. Water Resour 48, 588–597 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807821040096

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807821040096

Keywords:

Navigation