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CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY

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    E. S. Kazantseva

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APPENDIX

APPENDIX

Glossary

Aggregates competing: aggregates in which corallites have an expanded epitheca at the junction, and the corallite dominant in the aggregate contains a regularly developing skeletal apparatus, while in a less developed corallite; skeletal elements are deformed near the zone of epithecal growth.

Aggregates mutually beneficial: intentional overgrowth of the epithecus of several corallites in order to attach to each other and, consequently, to increase the size of the aggregate.

Aphroid colonies: with connection between dissepimentariums of neighboring corallites (Ivanovsky, 1971; Oliver, 1973; Nudds, 1976; Fedorowski, 1978).

Asteroid colonies: lack of a unified septa system in adjacent corallites.

Brephic stage: nepionic stage of development.

Bud: daughter corallite formed from the parent corallite. It can be formed both during vegetative reproduction of maternal corallite in a colony, and during regeneration of a single maternal corallite.

Budding: formation of buds.

Calice-in-calice budding: budding in the calice of individual corallites.

Cerioid colonies: juxtaposed corallites united directly to one another by fused walls (Kuzmicheva, 1988).

Coenosteum: skeleton between the individual corallites,

Colonial bud: corallite formed by the budding of corallites in a colony. It differs from the regenerative bud in origin and early stages of development.

Colonial coral: many corallites connected by a shared skeletal system, which can be traced in their internal structure.

Columella: axial central structure of corallite.

Compensatory regeneration: an increase in the number of skeletal elements, with no differentiation. An example of this type of regeneration is rejuvenescence in rugosans, i.e., a decrease in the diameter of corallite, during which growth continued, as if starting from a younger stage. In this case, the division of skeletal elements and the growth of corallite was not accompanied by their differentiation (Rozhnov, 2014).

Composite colony: colony with several protocorallites. The soft tissue of the corallites not united (Oliver, 1968; Fedorowski, 1978).

Coral skeletal structure (polypnyak): calcareous skeleton of coral polyps (Ivanovsky, 1971).

Corallite: skeleton of one polyp, including in a colony or aggregate of rugose corals (Paleontologicheskiy slovar, 1965, pp. 156–157). Used in the meaning of one individual when describing biological processes based on the study of skeletal development (Fedorowski, 1978; Rozhnov, 2014).

Dissepimentarium: thin curved vesicular septa of various shapes.

Duplicate bud: copies the plane of symmetry of the parent corallite.

Early-neanic substage: increase in the total number of septa while maintaining the zaphrentoid grouping, pinnate septal arrangement (Lewis, 1929).

Embryonic stage: larval stage after spawning.

Ephebic stage: adult stage with the greatest number of skeletal elements (Kossovaya, 1983).

Epimorphosis: successive differentiation of the skeletal elements of an adult organism, the creation of a mass of undifferentiated skeletal formations and their further respecification. New skeletal elements do not form new structures, but only complete the lost ones. Rugose corals heal the injured part of the skeleton (e.g., bite damage) through epimorphosis (Rozhnov, 2013, 2014).

Epitheca: wrinkled layer of calcium carbonate growing outside corallites.

False pseudocolony: a complex cluster of solitary, sexually formed, rugose corals, growing close to one another and creating the appearance of coloniality or pseudo-coloniality.

Fossula: interseptal chamber formed at beginning of septa.

Gerontic stage: aging coral stage (Geologicheskiy slovar’, 1978).

Incipient colony: protocorallite is the only one to have reached the maturity due to the early death of the colony (Fedorowski, 1970, 1978).

Interstitial budding: new buds appear independently in the interstices.

Late neanic substage: radial arrangement of septa, one or two rows of dissepiments present (Lewis, 1929).

Medial growth: corallites are formed from one common axis or even a point, with subsequent branching.

Mid-neanic substage: main substage of septal formation (Lewis, 1929).

Morphallaxis: reorganization of the coral skeleton with only slight growth of corallites. The existing skeletal fragments grow through regenerative tissue remodeling, and each separate fragment of can serve as the basis for rebuilding a smaller organism’s skeleton. This type was observed in solitary rugosas during regenerative budding (Rozhnov, 2013).

Neanic stage: subadult stage when the main features of an adult organism develop (Kossovaya, 1983).

Nepionic stage: development from planula attachment to the appearance of six protosepts.

Nonparisidal budding: development of buds instead of the parent corallite, causing its deviation to the side.

Parricidal budding: simultaneous appearance of several buds from a wedge of parent corallite leading to the death of the parent organism.

Peripheral growth: new corallites are formed along the periphery, in an organized manner.

Peritheca: connective tissue between corallites.

Phaceloid colonies: colony with distant and isolated corallites joined at bases.

Planula: aquatic coral larva (Krempf, 1919).

Plocoid colonies: colonies with corallites separated by peritheca.

Polyp: the soft body of an individual corallite.

Polypier: skeleton of an individual coral (see corallite) (Ivanovsky, 1971).

Polypierite: coral or coral polyp, consisting of a polyp and a polypier (Ivanovsky, 1971).

Protocolonial coral: growth form intermediate between the solitary and colonial. It consists of protocorallites and verticils of non-reproductive offsets (Fedorowski and Ogar, 2013). Such an organism is closer to the colony, since it has several protocorallites, whereas in pseudocolonial representatives with massive budding, there is only one protocorallite, while in aggregates each corallite is autonomous.

Pseudobud: the result of the settling of rugose larvae on representatives of the same species (Fedorowski, 1978).

Pseudocolonial coral: a cluster of individual corallites of the same species growing side by side, giving the appearance of being produced by offsetting, but in fact they grow autonomously (Fedorowski, 1971, 1978). The term is proposed to be used to describe solitary corals that form the impression of coloniality through the formation of multiple offsets during morphallaxis.

Quasi-colony: a colony without connections between individual corallites, in which only protocorallites were attached to the substrate. Only one protocorallite reaches maturity (Fagerstrom and Eisele, 1966; Fedorowski, 1978).

Regenerative bud: почка, formed as a result of morphallaxis of a single corallite. It is a reduced copy of the parent corallite or the segment on which it is formed.

Reversible bud: the plane of symmetry of the bud is perpendicular to the plane of symmetry of the parent corallite.

Segmented bud: the plane of symmetry of the bud is parallel to the most pronounced septa of the preserved segment of the parent corallite.

Septa: radial plates that divide the cavity as partitions.

Stereoplasm: fibrous tissue that often develops in the internal cavity of the skeleton, thickening the septa.

Tabulae: horizontal plates.

Thamnasteroid colonies: Colonies with confluent septal system in adjacent corallites.

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Kazantseva, E.S. CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY. Paleontol. J. 57, 963–1011 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030123090046

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