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Genus Bittium Gray, 1847 (Cerithiidae, Gastropoda) in the Tarkhanian–Chokrakian (Miocene) Deposits of the Eastern Paratethys

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Abstract—

The taxonomy of the genus Bittium from the Tarkhanian and lower Chokrakian is revised. It has been confirmed that the species B. reticulatum and B. tulskajense inhabited the Tarkhanian Basin. Two morphogroups are descended from B. tulskajense. In populations confined to thin silts, morph prodigitatum of B. tulskajense begins to separate in the Late Tarkhanian, which gave rise to B. digitatum in the Chokrakian. At the beginning of the Chokrakian, morph pseudodigitatum of B. tulskajense appears in populations on sandy silts, occupying an intermediate position in morphology between B. tulskajense and B. digitatum. During the Tarkhanian–Chokrakian, in B. tulskajense, the spiral sculpture is flattened and the collabral sculpture is reduced. However, ecologically dependent populations in which collabral sculpture again becomes the norm (morph plicatum of B. tulskajense) also existed. B. reticulatum began to evolve rapidly from the end of the Tarkhanian. The species B. agibelicum, which continued until the end of the early Chokrakian, quickly separated from it. B. reticulatum evolved into the subspecies B. reticulatum tschokrakense, which gave rise to B. binodulosum in the second half of the early Chokrakian. The systematic position of B. agibelicum was interpreted ambiguously for a long time due to its unusual morphology. Reconstruction of the lineage of B. reticulatum is used to substantiate the assignment of agibelicum to the genus Bittium, with a detailed morphological description of species and subspecies. Their intraspecific heterogenity due to the evolutionary process or arising under the local influence of external factors is discussed. The distribution of species is considered depending on the conditions of sedimentation and salinity fluctuations. The Tarkhanian gastropod communities are classified taxonomically for the first time, and their equivalents in the Chokrakian communities are proposed. The distribution of the Bittium species is shown in the Tarkhanian and Chokrakian communities is studied, and transformations in their niches changed during the transition from Tarkhanian to Chokrakian are demonstrated.

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Notes

  1. Shallow-water coarse-grained sediments usually contain a mixture of several generations of shells. A generation is a totality of organisms that lived within or on a buried sediment at a certain moment in time. The last generation is the generation that lived before the final burial by the bottom sediment. Old generations are generations that lived in/on the sediment, which was later washed away or redeposited along with the skeletal remains of the organisms that previously inhabited it. The presence in the sediment of several generations with different preservation distinguishes samples of shallow-water sediments formed under conditions of a hydrodynamically active environment from deeper-water clayey or silty-clayey sediments, usually with one generation.

  2. Populations of B. tulskajense m. plicatum are labeled as var., and similarly strongly deviant specimens in samples of common tulskajense are labeled as v. The morph pseudodigitatum is labeled as ps., prodigitatum—pr.

  3. Most shells were attributed by Iljina to B. kamyshlakense. The specimens identified by her as B. reticulatum are labeled “ret”. In the material from Khadyzhensk, no shells were found, identified as B. kamyshlakense—only 29 specimens with the name B. reticulatum. Among Merklin’s unexamined material, a chamber with one shell was found, labeled by her as kamyshlakense.

  4. Almost all shells are re-identified as Cerithium orientale (Andrussow) and B. binodulosum. Shells of B. agibelicum are very incomplete, most likely from the lower part of the section.

  5. The collections of I.A. Goncharova, 1972 and O.V. Amitrov, 1961 are associated with precise bed occurrences.

  6. Almost all shells are re-identified as Cerithium orientale (Andrussow) and B. binodulosum. Shells of B. agibelicum are very incomplete.

  7. Some shells are re-identified as Bittium reticulatum tschokrakense, B. binodulosum and juvenile specimens of C. orientale.

  8. Collections of I.A. Goncharova, 1972 and O.V. Amitrov, 1961 are associated with beds.

  9. Some shells are re-identified as juvenile specimens of C. orientale.

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  1. Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117647, Moscow, Russia

    A. V. Guzhov

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Guzhov, A.V. Genus Bittium Gray, 1847 (Cerithiidae, Gastropoda) in the Tarkhanian–Chokrakian (Miocene) Deposits of the Eastern Paratethys. Paleontol. J. 56, 1085–1113 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030122100021

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