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Lophophore Evolution from the Cambrian to the Present

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Abstract

Currently there is no unified view on the evolution of the brachiopod lophophore. In order to combine views of paleontologists and zoologists, the evolution of the brachiopod lophophore is analyzed here based on published data from fossil and recent species. A simple spirolophe is supposed to be plesiomorphic in brachiopods and gave rise to a large variety of tentacle apparatus in three brachiopod subphyla. The spirolophe is preserved in Craniiformea and the linguliform superfamily Linguloidea; it is better developed in rhynchonelliform brachiopods, in which its brachial axis obtained a skeletal support that preserves well in the fossil state. The ptycholophe and plectolophe are derivative of the schizolophous developmental stage in brachiopods. They probably developed independently by paedomorphosis in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are sincerely grateful to three anonymous reviewers whose valuable comments helped very much to improve the original manuscript.

Funding

This paper was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 19-14-50655 (analysis of the literary data) and Russian Science Foundation, project no. 18-14-00082-P (preparation of illustrations). The research was carried out as part of the Scientific Project of the State Order of the Government of Russian Federation to Lomonosov Moscow State University, no. 121032300121-0.

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  1. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia

    T. V. Kuzmina & A. A. Ratnovskaya

  2. Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia

    A. A. Madison

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  1. T. V. Kuzmina
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  2. A. A. Ratnovskaya
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Kuzmina, T.V., Ratnovskaya, A.A. & Madison, A.A. Lophophore Evolution from the Cambrian to the Present. Paleontol. J. 55, 1109–1140 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030121100051

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