Abstract
The use of antigenicity scales based on physicochemical properties and the sliding window method in combination with an averaging algorithm and subsequent search for the maximum value is the classical method for B-cell epitope prediction. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the best classical methods provide a poor correlation with experimental data. We review both classical and novel algorithms and present our own implementation of the algorithms. The AAPPred software is available at http://www.bioinf.ru/aappred/.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Pellequer J., Westhof E., van Regenmortel M. 1991. Predicting location of continuous epitopes in proteins from their primary structures. Meth Enzymol. 203, 176–201.
Hopp T.P., Woods K.R. 1981. Prediction of protein antigenic determinants from amino acid sequences. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 78, 3824–3828.
Levitt M. 1976. A simplified representation of protein conformations for rapid simulation of protein folding. J. Mol. Biol. 1041, 59–107.
Parker J.M., Guo D., Hodges R.S. 1986. New hydrophilicity scale derived from high-performance liquid chromatography peptide retention data: Correlation of predicted surface residues with antigenicity and X-rayderived accessible sites. Biochemistry. 25, 5425–5432.
Westhof E., Altschuh D., Moras D., Bloomer A.C., Mondragon A., Klug A., van Regenmortel M.H. 1984. Correlation between segmental mobility and the location of antigenic determinants in proteins. Nature. 311, 123–126.
Karplus P.A., Schulz G.E. 1985. Prediction of chain flexibility in proteins. Naturwissenschaften. 72, 212–213.
Emini E.A., Hughes J.V., Perlow D.S., Boger J. 1985. Induction of hepatitis A virus-neutralizing antibody by a virus-specific synthetic peptide. J. Virol. 55, 836–839.
Janin J., Wodak S. 1978. Conformation of amino acid side-chains in proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 125, 357–386.
Welling G.W., Weijer W.J., van der Zee R., Welling-Wester S. 1985. Prediction of sequential antigenic regions in proteins. FEBS Lett. 188, 215–218.
Kolaskar A.S., Tongaonkar P.C. 1990. A semi-empirical method for prediction of antigenic determinants on protein antigens. FEBS Lett. 276, 172–174.
Pellequer J.L., Westhof E., van Regenmortel M.H. 1993. Correlation between the location of antigenic sites and the prediction of turns in proteins. Immunol. Lett. 36, 83–99.
Alix A.J. 1999. Predictive estimation of protein linear epitopes by using the program PEOPLE. Vaccine. 18, 311–314.
Saha S., Raghava G. 2004. BcePred: Prediction of continuous B-cell epitopes in antigenic sequences using physico-chemical properties. In: Artificial Immune Systems, vol. 3239. Eds. Nicosia G., Cutello V., Bentley P., Timmis J. Berlin: Springer, pp. 197–204.
Saha S., Bhasin M., Raghava G. 2005. Bcipep: A database of B-cell epitopes. BMC Genomics. 6, 79.
Ponnuswamy P.K., Prabhakaran M., Manavalan P. 1980. Hydrophobic packing and spatial arrangement of amino acid residues in globular proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 623, 301–316.
Blythe M.J., Flower D.R. 2005. Benchmarking B cell epitope prediction: Underperformance of existing methods. Protein Sci. 14, 246–248.
Kawashima S., Ogata H., Kanehisa M. 1999. AAindex: Amino Acid Index Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 368–369.
Blythe M.J., Doytchinova I.A., Flower D.R. 2002. JenPep: A database of quantitative functional peptide data for immunology. Bioinformatics. 18, 434–439.
McSparron H., Blythe M.J., Zygouri C., Doytchinova I.A., Flower D.R. 2003. JenPep: A novel computational information resource for immunobiology and vaccinology. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43, 1276–1287.
Fawcett T. 2006. An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Lett. 27, 861–874.
Chen J., Liu H., Yang J., Chou K. 2007. Prediction of linear B-cell epitopes using amino acid pair antigenicity scale. Amino Acids. 33, 423–428.
Sollner J., Mayer B. 2006. Machine learning approaches for prediction of linear B-cell epitopes on proteins. J. Mol. Recognit. 19, 200–208.
Gasteiger E., Hoogland C., Gattiker A., Duvaud S., Wilkins M., Appel R., Bairoch A. 2005. Protein identification and analysis tools on the ExPASy server. In: The Proteomics Protocols Handbook. Ed. Walker J.M. N.Y.: Humana Press, pp. 571–607.
Henikoff S., Henikoff J.G. 1992. Amino acid substitution matrices from protein blocks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89, 10915–10919.
Saha S., Raghava G.P.S. 2006. Prediction of continuous B-cell epitopes in an antigen using recurrent neural network. Proteins. 65, 40–48.
Vapnik V. 1998. Statistical Learning Theory. N.Y.: Wiley-Interscience.
Scholkopf B., Sung K.K., Burges C.J.C., Girosi F., Niyogi P., Poggio T., Vapnik V. 1997. Comparing support vector machines with Gaussian kernels to radialbasis function classifiers. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing. 45, 2758–2765.
Greenbaum J., Andersen P., Blythe M., Bui H., Cachau R., Crowe J., Davies M., Kolaskar A., Lund O., Morrison S., Mumey B., Ofran Y., Pellequer J., Pinilla C., Ponomarenko J., Raghava G., van Regenmortel M., Roggen E., Sette A., Schlessinger A., Sollner J., Zand M., Peters B. 2007. Towards a consensus on datasets and evaluation metrics for developing B-cell epitope prediction tools. J. Mol. Recognit. 20, 75–82.
Schonbach C., Koh J., Flower D., Wong L., Brusic V. 2002. FIMM, a database of functional molecular immunology: Update 2002. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 226–229.
Peters B., Sidney J., Bourne P., Bui H., Buus S., Doh G., Fleri W., Kronenberg M., Kubo R., Lund O., Nemazee D., Ponomarenko J., Sathiamurthy M., Schoenberger S., Stewart S., Surko P., Way S., Wilson S., Sette A. 2005. The immune epitope database and analysis resource: From vision to blueprint. PLoS Biol. 3, e91.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © Ya.I. Davydov, A.G. Tonevitsky, 2009, published in Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, 2009, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 166–174.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Davydov, Y.I., Tonevitsky, A.G. Prediction of linear B-cell epitopes. Mol Biol 43, 150–158 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026893309010208
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026893309010208