Abstract
A mathematical model for analysis of temperature–time conditions of arc surfacing upon fabrication of steel-aluminum compositions has been developed and verified. In the course of simulation, the database of SVARKA software has been supplemented with thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity and thermal capacity at constant pressure and volume) of the considered materials as a function of heating temperature. The geometric model of the object during simulation of arc surfacing has been preset as a single body, which can consist of various materials, for instance, in the case of formation of functional coatings based on nonferrous metals on steel substates. The parameters of the heat loads of the heating source are as follows: motion speed of motion, power, distribution along and across seam, as well as existence and grade of surfacing material. The heat propagation for argon arc surfacing using a non-consumable electrode has been calculated according to the design with a normal circular source located on the surface of a flat layer and exposed to limiting action of the sheet bottom plane. The selected calculation design reflects all the main features of argon arc surfacing, including the welding arc heat input to a massive body from its surface, low pressure of welding arc, and insignificant penetration of active spot into liquid metal. It has been demonstrated that, owing to accounting for thermophysical properties of the Fe–Al intermetallic layer located in diffusion zone, the mathematical model with uncertainty not exceeding 8% makes it possible to determine the heating temperature not only at steel–aluminum interface but also at any point of the specimens both upon joining of transitional bimetallic steel-aluminum elements with aluminum or steel structures and upon formation of functional aluminum coatings by surfacing, including composite materials.
REFERENCES
Ryabov, V.R., Primenenie bimetallicheskikh i armirovannykh stalealyuminiyevykh soyedinenii (Application of Bimetallic and Reinforced Steel-Aluminum Compounds), Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1975.
Gurevich, L.M., Pronichev, D.V., Trudov, A.V., Trykov, Yu.P., and Trunov, M.D., Investigation of the influence of explosion welding and heat treatment modes on the structure and properties of bimetal AD1-ST3 steel, Izv. Volgogr. Tekh. Univ., 2014, no. 9, pp. 17–21.
Kuz’min, V.I., Lysak, V.I., Kuz’min, S.V., and Kharlamov, V.O., Effect of heat treatment on the structure and properties of steel-aluminum composite with a diffusion barrier, Phys. Met. Metallogr., 2016, vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 1096–1102.
Silvayeh, Z., Domitner, J., Sommitsch, C., Hartmann, M., Karner, W., and Gotzinger, B., Mechanical properties and fracture modes of thin butt-joined aluminum-steel blanks for automotive applications, J. Manuf. Process., 2020, vol. 59, pp. 456–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.09.050
Guan, Q., Long, J., Yu, P., Jiang, S., Huang, W., and Zhou, J., Effect of steel to aluminum laser welding parameters on mechanical properties of weld beads, Opt. Laser Technol., 2019, vol. 111, pp. 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.09.060
Ryabov, V.R., Alitirovaniye stali (Aluminizing Steel), Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1973.
Rong, J., Kang, Z., Chen, S., Yang, D., Huang, J., and Yang, J., Growth kinetics and thickness prediction of interfacial intermetallic compounds between solid steel and molten aluminum based on thermophysical simulation in a few seconds, Mater. Characteriz., 2017, vol. 132, pp. 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2017.09.012
Das, A., Shomeb, M., Goecke, S.-F., and De, A., Joining of aluminium alloy and galvanized steel using a controlled gas metal arc process, J. Manuf. Process., 2017, vol. 27, pp. 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.04.006
Sachin, R., Sumesh, A., and Upas, U.S., Study of mechanical properties and weldability of aluminium alloy and stainless steel by gas metal arc welding, Mater. Today: Proc., 2020, vol. 24, pp. 1167–1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.430
Mikheev, R.S., Kalashnikov, I.E., Bolotova, L.K., and Kolmakov, A.G., Research of the intermetallics formation mechanism during the synthesis of functionally graded layered steel-aluminum compositions, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 2020, vol. 848, pp. 012056-1–7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/848/1/012056
Oryshchenko, A.S., Osokin, E.P., Pavlova, V.I., and Zykov, S.A., Bimetallic steel-aluminum compounds in shipbuilding hull structures, Avtom. Svarka, 2009, no. 10, pp. 43–47.
Szczepaniak, A., Fan, J., Kostka, A., and Raabe, D., On the correlation between thermal cycle and formation of intermetallic phases at the interface of laser-welded aluminum-steel overlap joints, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2012, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 464–472. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201200075
Novák, P., Knotek, V., Voděrová, M., Kubásek, J., Šerák, J., Michalcová, A., and Vojtěch, D., Intermediary phases formation in Fe-Al-Si alloys during reactive sintering, J. Alloys Compd., 2010, vol. 497, pp. 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.03.028
Novák, P., Knotek, V., Šerák, J., Michalcová, A., and Vojtěch, D., Synthesis of Fe-Al-Si intermediary phases by reactive sintering, Powder Metall., 2011, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 167–171. https://doi.org/10.1179/174329009X449314
Li, Y., Hashimoto, H., Sukedai, E., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, Z., Morphology and structure of various phases at the bonding interface of Al/steel formed by explosive welding, J. Electron Microsc., 2000, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jmicro.a023791
Mikheev, R.S., Kobernik, N.V., and Kalashnikov, I.E., Effect of the process of production of functional gradient layered steel-aluminum compositions on their structure and properties, Russ. Metall. (Metally), 2020, vol. 9, pp. 1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029520090104
Kurkin, A.S. and Makarov, E.L., Software package 'welding' a tool for solving practical problems of welding production, Svarka Diagn., 2010, no. 1, pp. 16–24.
Kotovich, A.V. and Stankevich, I.V., Resheniye zadachi teploprovodnosti metodom konechnykh elementov. Metodicheskiye ukazaniya k resheniyu zadach po kursu Setochnye Metody (Solution of Thermal Conductivity Problems by the Finite Element Method. Methodological Guidelines for Solving Problems in the Course ‘Grid Methods’), Moscow: MGTU im. N. E. Baumana, 2010.
Rozanov, D.S., Modeling material properties for calculating hydrogen diffusion in welding, Inzh. Vestn., 2013, no. 11, pp. 75–82.
Zinov’ev, V.E., Teplofizicheskie svoystva metallov pri vysokikh temperaturakh (Thermophysical Properties of Metals at High Temperatures), Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1989.
Chirkin, V.S., Thermophysical materials properties of nuclear technology, Spravochnik (Thermophysical Properties of Nuclear Engineering Materials, Handbook), Moscow: Atomizdat, 1968.
Berezovskii, B.M. and Stikhinin, V.A., Calculation of parameters of the heat flow distribution of the surface welding arc, Svar. Proizv., 1980, no. 2, pp. 1–4.
Konovalov, A.V. et al., Teoriya svarochnykh protsessov, Uchebnik (Theory of Welding Processes, The Textbook for Universities), Moscow: Izd. MGTU im. N. E. Baumana, 2007.
Rykalin, N.N., Raschety teplovykh protsessov pri svarke (Calculation of Thermal Processes during Welding), Moscow: MAShGIZ, 1951.
Cerjak, H., Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena, London: IOM Commun., 1998.
Reddy, B.V. and Deevi, S.C., Thermophysical properties of FeAl (Fe-40 at. % Al), Intermetallics, 2000, vol. 8, no, 12, pp. 1369–1376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-9795(00)00084-4
Zienert, T., Leineweber, A., and Fabrichnaya, O., Heat capacity of Fe-Al intermetallics: FeAl, FeAl2, Fe2Al5 and Fe4Al13, J. Alloys Compd., 2017, vol. 725, pp. 848–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.199
Funding
This work was supported by the State Project no. 075-00947-20-00.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Translated by I. Moshkin
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mikheev, R.S., Kalashnikov, I.E. Using Mathematical Methods for Analysis of Temperature–Time Conditions of Arc Surfacing Upon Manufacturing of Steel-Aluminum Compositions. Inorg Mater 58, 1594–1603 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020168522150092
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020168522150092