Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Features of Increases in the Fluxes of Magnetospheric Electrons with Energies >2 MeV in the Geostationary Orbit in 2009

  • Published:
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract—

Increases in the fluxes of magnetospheric electrons with energies >2 MeV in the geostationary orbit and the solar sources of interplanetary disturbances that caused them in 2009 are investigated. Although the year of 2009 was an exceptionally quiet year, increases in the flux of high-energy magnetospheric electrons were observed and divided into groups according to the value of the maximum flux: (I) >500 particles/cm2 s sr, (II) 100–500 particles/cm2 s sr, (III) 10–100 particles/cm2 s sr, and (IV) <10 particles/cm2 s sr. The relationships of the selected increases with the features of interplanetary and geomagnetic disturbances, as well as with their solar sources are analyzed. The connection with individual characteristics of coronal holes, which high-speed streams are the main causes of electron flux increases, is considered in detail. It is shown that the maximum flux of high-energy magnetospheric electrons has a weak correlation with both the area of coronal holes and their magnetic field. The best correlations are found with the maximum velocity of the high-speed stream from the coronal hole and the accompanying geomagnetic and auroral activity, which is consistent with the conclusions of earlier works and indicates a typical behavior of the high-energy electron flux during the anomalously quiet period.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Abunin, A.A., Abunina, M.A., Belov, A.V., et al., High-energy magnetospheric electrons and different types of disturbances of the interplanetary medium, Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys., 2019, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 579–581. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1062873819050034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Baker, D.N. and Lanzerotti, L.J., Resource letter SW1: Space weather, Am. J. Phys., 2016, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.4938403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Baker, D.N., Blake, J.B., Callis, L.B., et al., Relativistic electron acceleration and decay time scales in the inner and outer radiation belts: SAMPEX, Geophys. Res. Lett., 1994, vol. 21, pp. 409–412. https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL03532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Baker, D.N., Erickson, P.J., Fennell, J.F., et al., Space weather effects in the Earth’s radiation belts, Space Sci. Rev., 2018, vol. 214, id 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0452-7

  5. Bazilevskaya, G.A., Kalinin, M.S., Kvashnin, A.N., et al., Precipitation of energetic magnetospheric electrons and accompanying solar wind characteristics, Geomagn. Aeron. (Engl. Transl.), 2017, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793217020025

  6. Belov, A., Dorman, L., Iucci, N., et al., The relation of high- and low-orbit satellite anomalies to different geophysical parameters, in Effects of Space Weather on Technology Infrastructure. NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Daglis, I.A., Ed., Dordrecht: Springer, 2004, vol. 176. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2754-0_8.

  7. Blake, J.B., Baker, D.N., Turner, N., et al., Correlation of changes in the outer-zone relativistic electron population with upstream solar wind and magnetic field measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 1997, vol. 24, pp. 927–929. https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00859

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Dmitriev, A.V. and Chao, J.K., Dependence of geosynchronous relativistic electron enhancements on geomagnetic parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 2003, vol. 108, no. A11. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009664

  9. Freeman, J.W., Jr., The morphology of the electron distribution in the outer radiation zone and near the magnetospheric boundary as observed by Explorer 12, J. Geophys. Res., 1964, vol. 69, pp. 1691–1723. https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ069i009p01691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hajra, R. and Tsurutani, B.T. Magnetospheric “killer” relativistic electron dropouts (REDs) and repopulation: A cyclical process, in Extreme Events in Geospace: Origins, Predictability, and Consequences, Buzulukova, N., Ed., Elsevier, 2018, pp. 373–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812700-1.00014-5.

  11. Hajra, R., Echer, E., Tsurutani, B.T., and Gonzalez, W.D., Solar cycle dependence of During High-Intensity, Long-Duration, Continuous AE Activity (HILDCAA) events, relativistic electron predictors?, J. Geophys. Res., 2013, vol. 118, pp. 5626–5638. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hajra, R., Tsurutani, B.T., Echer, E., and Gonzalez, W.D., Relativistic electron acceleration During High-Intensity, Long-Duration, Continuous AE Activity (HILDCAA) events: Solar cycle phase dependences, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2014, vol. 41, pp. 1876–1881. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Horne, R.B., Lam, M.M., and Green, J.C., Energetic electron precipitation from the outer radiation belt during geomagnetic storms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2009, vol. 36, L19104. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kryakunova, O.N., Belov, A.V., Abunin, A.A., et al., Behavior of high-energy magnetospheric electrons in solar cycles 22–24, Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci., 2021, vol. 85, no. 8, pp. 904–906. https://doi.org/10.3103/S106287382108013X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Li, W., Thorne, R.M., Bortnik, J., et al., Solar wind conditions leading to efficient radiation belt electron acceleration: A superposed epoch analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2015, vol. 42, pp. 6906–6915. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Li, X., Baker, D.N., Temerin, M.A., Cayton, T.E., et al., Multi-satellite observations of the outer zone electron variation during the November 3–4, 1993, magnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 1997, vol. 102, pp. 14123–14140. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA01101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Li, X., Temerin, M., Baker, D.N., Reeves, G.D., and Larson, G.D., Quantitative prediction of radiation belt electrons at geostationary orbit based on solar wind measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2001, vol. 28, pp. 1887–1890. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Paulikas, G.A. and Blake, J.B., Effects of the solar wind magnetospheric dynamics: Energetic electrons at the synchronous orbit, in Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes, Olson, W.P., Ed., Washington, DC: AGU, 1979, vol. 21, pp. 180–202.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Pilipenko, V.A., Electromagnetic pollution of near-Earth space by power line emission, J. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 2021, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 105–113. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-73202107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Pinto, V.A., Kim, H.-J., Lyons, L.R., and Bortnik, J., Interplanetary parameters leading to relativistic electron enhancement and persistent depletion events at geosynchronous orbit and potential for prediction, J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys., 2018, vol. 123, pp. 1134–1145. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Potapov, A.S., Relativistic electrons of the outer radiation belt and methods of their forecast (review), J. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 2017, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 57–72.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Reeves, G.D., Morley, S.K., Friedel, R.H.W., et al., On the relationship between relativistic electron flux and solar wind velocity: Paulikas and Blake revisited, J. Geophys. Res., 2011, vol. 116, A02213. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Tsurutani, B.T., Gonzalez, W.D., Gonzalez, A.L.C., et al., Corotating solar wind streams and recurrent geomagnetic activity: A review, J. Geophys. Res., 2006, vol. 111, A07S01. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Turner, D.L., Angelopoulos, V., Li, W., et al., Competing source and loss mechanisms due to wave–particle interactions in Earth’s outer radiation belt during the 30 September to 3 October 2012 geomagnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 2014, vol. 119, pp. 1960–1979. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA019770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Turner, D.L., Kilpua, E.K.J., Hietala, H., et al., The response of Earth’s electron radiation belts to geomagnetic storms: Statistics from the Van Allen Probes era including effects from different storm drivers, J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys., 2019, vol. 124, pp. 1013–1034. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026066

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Wrenn, G.L., Chronology of 'killer' electrons: Solar cycles 22 and 23, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 2009, vol. 71, nos. 10–11, pp. 1210–1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2008.08.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang, H., Fu, S., Xie, L., Zhao, D., et al., Relativistic electron flux prediction at geosynchronous orbit based on the neural network and the quantile regression method, Space Weather, 2020, vol. 18, e2020SW002445. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020SW002445

Download references

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the developers of the Heliophysics Feature Catalogue (http://voparis-helio.obspm.fr/).

Funding

M.A. Abunina, A.A. Abunin, A.V. Belov, and N.S. Shlyk were supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 20-72-10 023. O.N. Kryakunova, B.B. Seifullina, and I.L. Tsepakina were supported by the Committee of Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, project no. AR08855916.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142191, Troitsk, Moscow oblast, Russia

    M. A. Abunina, A. V. Belov, N. S. Shlyk, A. A. Abunin, I. I. Pryamushkina & A. A. Melkumyan

  2. Institute of Ionosphere, 480020, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    O. N. Kryakunova, B. B. Seifullina & I. L. Tsepakina

Authors
  1. M. A. Abunina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. V. Belov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. N. S. Shlyk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. A. Abunin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. I. I. Pryamushkina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. A. Melkumyan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. O. N. Kryakunova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. B. B. Seifullina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. I. L. Tsepakina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. A. Abunina.

Ethics declarations

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Translated by O. Pismenov

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abunina, M.A., Belov, A.V., Shlyk, N.S. et al. Features of Increases in the Fluxes of Magnetospheric Electrons with Energies >2 MeV in the Geostationary Orbit in 2009. Geomagn. Aeron. 62, 1096–1104 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793222080023

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793222080023

Search

Navigation