Abstract—
A semiempirical method for studying the photochemistry of the D-region is proposed. It is based on the well-known five-component approximation (two species of positive ions, two species of negative ions, and electrons) in the stationary case. The main advantage of the method is the ability to determine the ionization rate of the ionosphere using the only parameter, the height distribution of electron density Ne(h), as experimental data on the ionosphere. The method includes a procedure for calibrating results based on solutions of forward and inverse ionospheric problems, because not all components of chemical reactions are known with sufficient accuracy. It is noted that the method can be used at different latitudes under quiet and disturbed conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Bekker, S.Z., Probabilistic and statistical models of the lower undisturbed middle ionosphere, verified from ground-based radiophysical measurement data, Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Phys.–Math.) Dissertation, Moscow: Inst. Dyn. Geospheres, Russian Acad. Sci., 2018.
Bekker, S.Z., Ryakhovsky, I.A., and Korsunskaya, J.A., Modeling of the lower ionosphere during solar X-ray flares of different classes, J. Geophys. Res.: Space, 2021, vol. 126, no. 2, e2020JA028767. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA0287676
Danilov, A.D., Rodevich, A.Yu., and Smirnova, N.V., Problems with incorporating a new D-region model into the IRI, Adv. Space Res., 1995, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 165–167.
Egoshin, A.A., Ermak, V.M., Zetser, Yu.I., et al., Influence of meteorological and wave processes on the lower ionosphere during solar minimum conditions according to the data on midlatitude VLF–LF propagation, Izv., Phys. Solid Earth, 2012, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 275–286.
Friedrich, M. and Torkar, K.M., FIRI: A semiempirical model of the lower ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 2001, vol. 106, no. A10, pp. 21 409–21 418.
Friedrich, M., Pock, C., and Torkar, K., FIRI-2018, an updated empirical model of the lower ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res.: Space, 2018, vol. 123, pp. 6737–6751. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025437
Gomonov, A., Yurik, R., and Zolotov, O., Earth’s ionosphere D-region vertical electron density profile data during March 1–31, 2017 according to high-latitudinal Tumanny observatory partial reflection radar measurements and Polar Geophysical Institute’s model, Data Brief, 2020, vol. 31, 105848.
Hasted, J.B., Physics of Atomic Collisions, Washington, DC: Butterworths, 1961; Moscow: Mir, 1965.
Kozlov, S.I., Kinetics of ions in the nocturnal D region of the ionosphere, Kosm. Issled., 1971, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 81–90.
Kozlov, S.I., Aeronomiya iskusstvenno vozmushchennykh atmosfery i ionosfery Zemli (Aeronomy of the Artificially Disturbed Atmosphere and Ionosphere of the Earth), Moscow: Torus-Press, 2021.
Kozlov, S.I., Vlaskov, V.A., and Smirnova, N.V., Ion kinetics, small neutral and excited components in the D region with an increased level of ionization. I. Statement of the problem and general mechanism of the processes, Kosm. Issled., 1982, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 881–891.
Kozlov, S.I., Vlaskov, V.A., and Smirnova, N.V., Specialized aeronomic model for studying the artificial modification of the middle atmosphere and lower ionosphere. I. Requirement for the model and main construction principles, Kosm. Issled., 1988, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 738–745.
Kozlov, S.I., Lyakhov, A.N., and Bekker, S.Z., Key principles of constructing probabilistic statistical ionosphere models for the radiowave propagation problems, Geomagn. Aeron. (Engl. Transl.), 2014, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 750–762.
Lyakhov, A.N., Kozlov, S.I., and Bekker, S.Z., Assessment of the accuracy of calculations using the International Reference Ionosphere model IRI-2016: I. Electron densities, Geomagn. Aeron. (Engl. Transl.), 2019, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 45–52.
Mitra, A.P., Ionospheric Effects of Solar Flares, Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel, 1974; Moscow: Mir, 1977.
Nesterova, I.I. and Ginzburg, E.I., Katalog profilei elektronnoi kontsentratsii oblasti D ionosfery (Catalog of Electron Density Profiles in the Ionospheric D Region), Novosibirsk: IGiG, 1985.
Read, G.C., Influence of ionization on the neutral and ionized atmosphere, in Dynamical and Chemical Coupling between the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere, Boston: D. Reidel, 1977, p. 101.
Rusch, D.W., Stewart, A.J., Hays, P.B., et al., The N (5200 Å) dayglow, J. Geophys. Res., 1975, vol. 80, no. 16, p. 2300.
Smirnova, N.V. and Vlaskov, V.A., Simulation of the ionospheric D region, in Dinamicheskie protsessy i struktura polyarnoi ionosfery (Dynamical Processes and the Structure of the Polar Ionosphere), Apatity: KF AN SSSR, 1980.
Smirnova, N.V., Kozlov, S.I., Vlaskov, V.A., and Ovchinnikov, N.A., Ion kinetics, small neutral and excited components in the D region with increased ionization level. III. Variations of small neutral and excited components, Kosm. Issled., 1984, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 565–571.
Smirnova, N.V., Kozlov, S.I., and Vlaskov, V.A., Specialized aeronomic model for studying the artificial modification of the middle atmosphere and lower ionosphere. II. Comparison between calculated and experimental data, 1990, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 77–84.
Swider, Wi. and Keneshea, T.F., Decrease of ozone and atomic oxygen in the lower mesosphere during PCA event, Planet. Space Sci., 1973, vol. 21, p. 1969.
Thorne, R.M., Influence of relativistic electron precipitation on the lower ionosphere and stratosphere, in Dynamical and Chemical Coupling between the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere, Boston: D. Reidel, 1977.
Vlaskov, V.A., Smirnova, N.V., Kozlov, S.I., Ion kinetics, small neutral and excited components in the D region with an increased level of ionization. II. Variations in the ion composition and electron density, Kosm. Issled., 1983, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 892–896.
Whitten, R.C., Poppoff, I.G., Edmonds, R.S., and Berning, W.W., Effective recombination coefficients in the lower ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 1965, vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 1737–1742.
Zuev, V.E. and Komarov, V.S., Statisticheskie modeli temperatury i gazovykh komponent atmosfery (Statistical Models of Temperature and Gaseous Components of the Atmosphere), Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986.
Funding
This work was supported by the State Task, project no. 1021052706265-3-1.5.4.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Translated by O. Pismenov
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kozlov, S.I., Bekker, S.Z., Lyakhov, A.N. et al. A Semiempirical Approximate Method for Investigating Some Problems of the Aeronomy of the D-Region of the Ionosphere. I. Basic Principles of Method Development and Basic Equations. Geomagn. Aeron. 62, 607–613 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793222050073
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793222050073