Abstract
The ring current is conventionally considered responsible for the shift of the boundary of solar proton penetration into the inner Earth’s magnetosphere during magnetic storms. The cases of a boundary shift were observed in some works on the dark side before the onset of a magnetic storm, i.e., at positive values of the Dst index. In this work, this type of shift of the penetration boundary is considered in detail with two storms as examples. It is shown that the corresponding distortion of the magnetosphere configuration is induced by an increase in the solar wind pressure during the initial phase of a magnetic storm. The current induced in this case on the magnetopause is closed by a current in the equator plane, which changes the configuration of the dark side of the inner magnetosphere, weakens the magnetic field, and allows solar protons to penetrate the inner magnetosphere. The significant difference in the positions of the penetration boundary and the boundary found from models of the magnetosphere magnetic field can be explained by insufficient consideration of closing currents.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akasofu, S.-I., Deformation of magnetic shells during magnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 1963, vol. 68, pp. 4437–4445.
Alexeev, I.I., Belenkaya, E.S., Bobrovnikov, S.Yu., and Kalegaev, V.V., Modeling of the electromagnetic field in the interplanetary space and in the Earth’s magnetosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 2003, vol. 107, nos. 1–2, pp. 7–26.
Birch, M.J., Hargreaves, J.K., Senior, A., and Bromage, B.J.I., Variations in cutoff latitude during selected solar energetic proton events, J. Geophys. Res., 2005, vol. 110, A07221. doi 10.1029/2004JA010833
Burton, R.K., McPherron, R.L., and Russell, C.T., An empirical relationship between interplanetary conditions and Dst, J. Geophys. Res., 1975, vol. 80, pp. 4204–4214. doi 10.1029/JA080i031p04204
Dandouras, I.S., Rème, H., Cao, J., and Escoubet, P., Magnetosphere response to the 2005 and 2006 extreme solar events as observed by the cluster and double star spacecraft, Adv. Space Res., 2009, vol. 43, pp. 618–623. doi 10.1016/j.asr.2008.10.015
Dmitriev, A.V., Jayachandran, P.T., and Tsai, L.-C., Elliptical model of cutoff boundaries for the solar energetic particles measured by POES satellites in December 2006, J. Geophys. Res., 2010, vol. 115, A12244. doi 10.1029/2010JA015380
Dmitriev, A.V., Suvorova, A.V., Chao, J.-K., Wang, C.B., Rastaetter, L., Panasyuk, M.I., Lazutin, L.L., Kovtyukh, A.S., Veselovsky, I.S., and Myagkova, I.N., Anomalous dynamics of the extremely compressed magnetosphere during 21 January 2005 magnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys., 2014, vol. 119, pp. 877–896. doi 10.1002/2013JA019534
Du, A.M., Tsurutani, B.T., and Sun, W., Anomalous geomagnetic storm of 21–22 January 2005: A storm main phase during northward IMFs, J. Geophys. Res., 2008, vol. 113, A10214. doi 10.1029/2008JA013284
Evans, D.S. and Greer, M.S., Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite Space Environment Monitor: 2. Instrument descriptions and archive data documentation, Tech. Memo version 1.4, Boulder, Colorado: NOAA Space Environ. Lab., 2004.
Flammarion, C., L’atmosphère, Paris: Librarie Hachette et C IE, 1888; St. Petersburg: Soikin, 1910.
Foullon, C., Owen, C.J., Dasso, S., Green, L.M., Dandouras, I., Elliott, H.A., Fazakerley, A.N., Bogdanova, Y.V., and Crooker, N.U., Multi-spacecraft study of the 21 January 2005 ICME: Evidence of current sheet substructure near the periphery of a strongly expanding, fast magnetic cloud, Sol. Phys., 2007, vol. 244, pp. 139–165. doi 10.1007/s11207-007-0355-y
Il’in, V.D., Kuznetsov, S.N., Panasyuk, M.I., and Sosnovets, E.N., Nonadiabatic effects and the proton capture boundary in the Earth’s radiation belts, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR: Ser. Fiz., 1984, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 2200–2203.
Ivanova, T.A., Kuznetsov, S.N., Sosnovets, E.N., and Tverskaya, L.V., Dynamics of the low-latitude boundary of penetration of low-energetic solar protons into the magnetosphere, Geomagn. Aeron., 1985, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 7–12.
Khorosheva, O.B., Relation of geomagnetic disturbances to the dynamics of the magnetosphere and the parameters of the interplanetary medium, Geomagn. Aeron. (Engl. Transl.), 2007, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 543–547.
Kuznetsov, S.N. and Yushkov, B.Yu., Boundary of the adiabatic motion of a charged particle in a dipole magnetic field, Plasma Phys. Rep., 2002, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 342–350.
Kuznetsov, S.N. and Rybakov, A.Yu., Conditions of intense precipitation of energetic particles near the boundary of closed drift shells in the Earth’s magnetosphere described by the Tsyganenko-89 magnetospheric model, Geomagn. Aeron. (Engl. Transl.), 2003, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 293–298.
Kuznetsov, S.N., Kudela, K., Ryumin, S.P., and Gotselyuk, Yu.V., CORONAS-F satellite—tasks for study of particle acceleration, Adv. Space Res., 2002, vol. 30, pp. 1857–1863.
Kuznetsov, S.N., Yushkov, B.Yu., Kudela, K., et al., Penetration of solar energetic particles (SEP) into the magnetosphere, in ISEC 2003 Radiation Belt Science, September 2–3, 2003, Toulouse, France, 2003, p. 51.
Kuznetsov, S.N., Yushkov, B.Yu., Denisov, Yu.I., Kudela, K., and Myagkova, I.N., Dynamics of the boundary of the penetration of solar energetic particles to Earth’s magnetosphere according to CORONAS-F data, Sol. Syst. Res., 2007, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 348–352.
Lions, L.R. and Williams, D.J., Quantitative Aspects of Magnetospheric Physics, Springer, 1984; Moscow: Mir, 1987.
Lazutin, L.L., Gotselyuk, Yu.V., Murav’eva, E.A., et al., Dynamics of solar protons in the Earth’s magnetosphere during magnetic storms in November 2004–January 2005, Geomagn. Aeron. (Engl. Transl.), 2010, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 168–180.
Lazutin, L.L. and Kuznetsov, S.N., Nature of sudden auroral activations at the beginning of magnetic storms, Geomagn. Aeron. (Engl. Transl.), 2008, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 165–174.
Logachev, Yu.I., Bazilevskaya, G.A., Vashenyuk, E.V., et al., Catalogs of solar proton events and their sources in solar activity cycles 20–23, in Kosmicheskie luchi i solnechnaya aktivnost’ (Cosmic Rays and Solar Activity), Moscw: Rossiiskaya Akademiya Estestvoznaniya, 2014, vol. 29, pp. 155–175.
McKenna-Lawlor, S., Li, L., Dandouras, I., Brandt, P.C., Zheng, Y., Barabash, S., Bučík, R., Kudela, K., Balaz, J., and Strharsky, I., Moderate geomagnetic storm (21–22 January 2005) triggered by an outstanding coronal mass ejection viewed via energetic neutral atoms, J. Geophys. Res., 2010, vol. 115, A08213.
Meng, C.-I., Dynamic variation of the auroral oval during intense magnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 1984, vol. 89, pp. 227–235.
Panasyuk, M.I., Kuznetsov, S.N., Lazutin, L.L., et al., Magnetic Storms in October 2003, Collaboration “Solar Extreme Events in 2003 (SEE-2003)”, Cosmic Res., 2004, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 489–534.
Richard, R.L., El-Alaoui, M., Ashour-Abdalla, M., and Walker, R.J., Modeling the entry and trapping of solar energetic particles in the magnetosphere during the November 24–25, 2001 storm, J. Geophys. Res., 2009, vol. 114, A04210. doi 10.1029/2007JA012823
Stone, E.C., Frandsen, A.M., Mewaldt, R.A., Christian, E.R., Margolies, D., Ormes, J.F., and Snow, F., The advanced composition explorer, Space Sci. Rev., 1998, vol. 86, nos. 1–4, pp. 1–22.
Suvorova, A.V., Dmitriev, A.V., and Kuznetsov, S.N., Dayside magnetopause models, Radiat. Meas., 1999, vol. 30, pp. 687–692.
Troshichev, O., Sormakov, D., and Janzhura, A., Relation of PC index to the geomagnetic storm Dst variation, J. Atmos. Sol.–Terr. Phys., 2011, vol. 73, pp. 611–622.
Tsyganenko, N.A. and Sitnov, M.I., Modeling the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere during strong geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 110, A03208. doi 10.1029/2004ja010798
Tsyganenko, N.A., Singer, H.J., and Kasper, J.C., Stormtime distortion of the inner magnetosphere: How severe can it get?, J. Geophys. Res., 2003, vol. 108, no. A5. doi 10.1029/2002JA009808
Tyssøy, H.N. and Stadsnes, J., Cutoff latitude variation during solar proton events: Causes and consequences, J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys., 2015, vol. 120, pp. 553–563. doi 10.1002/2014JA020508
Wing, S. and Sibeck, D.G., Effect of interplanetary magnetic field z component and the solar wind dynamic pressure on the geosynchronous magnetic field, J. Geophys. Res., 1997, vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 7207–7216.
Young, S.L., Denton, R.E., Anderson, B.J., and Hudson, M.K., Magnetic field line curvature induced pitch angle diffusion in the inner magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 2008, vol. 113, A03210. doi 10.1029/2006JA012133
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © L.L. Lazutin, A.V. Dmitriev, A.V. Suvorova, 2017, published in Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiya, 2017, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 137–148.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lazutin, L.L., Dmitriev, A.V. & Suvorova, A.V. Deformation of the magnetosphere and the penetration boundary of solar protons before the onset of the main phase of a magnetic storm. Geomagn. Aeron. 57, 121–131 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793217020086
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793217020086