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Geochemistry and Formation Conditions of Mesoarchean Banded Iron Formations (BIF-1) from the Kostomuksha Greenstone Belt, Karelian Craton

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Abstract

Three variably old groups of banded iron formation (BIF) are known in the Kostomuksha Greenstone Belt (KGB) of the Karelian Craton. This paper deals with the earliest of them, Mesoarchean (2.87–2.81 Ga) BIF-1. BIF-1 occurs among the komatiite–basalt unit of the KGB. BIF-1 consists mainly of quartz and magnetite, with varying amounts of amphibole, biotite, and garnet; the variations of SiO2 (48.3–58.6 wt %) and \({\text{F}}{{{\text{e}}}_{{\text{2}}}}{\text{O}}_{{\text{3}}}^{{\text{T}}}\) (21.34–33.82 wt %) suggest that the rocks are BIF. BIF-1 of the KGB, as well as most Archean BIFs, contain high \({\text{F}}{{{\text{e}}}_{{\text{2}}}}{\text{O}}_{{\text{3}}}^{{\text{T}}}\) concentration, display a contrasting positive Eu anomaly, lack of Ce anomaly, and the depletion of LREE relative to HREE. However, they differ from other BIFs in the higher Al2O3, TiO2, MgO, K2O, Cr, Ni, Zr, Ba, Cu and Zn concentrations. BIF-1 was formed in a marine basin at an anoxic atmosphere due to hydrothermal fluids, the proportion of which varies from 20 to 80%, and a terrigenous component derived mainly from basalts, komatiites, and dacites of host rocks. Mesoarchean BIF-1 of the KGB was accumulated in a small rift structures within an oceanic volcanic plateau, the formation of which is associated with the influence of a mantle plume on the oceanic lithosphere.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the head and geologists of the Karelskiy Okatysh mine (Kostomuksha, Russia) for comprehensive help in geological studies at their quarries. We are grateful to the staff of the Analytical Center of the Institute of Geology of the Karelian Research Center of RAS (under the head of S.V. Burdyukh), Center of Collective Use of the KarRC RAS, for performance of analytical studies. We also thank Scientific Editor S.A. Silantyev and reviewer K.A. Savko for constructive criticism, which allowed us to improve significantly the manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 22-17-00026).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Russia

    A. I. Slabunov, N. S. Nesterova & O. A. Maksimov

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  1. A. I. Slabunov
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  2. N. S. Nesterova
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  3. O. A. Maksimov
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Correspondence to N. S. Nesterova.

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Translated by M. Bogina

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Slabunov, A.I., Nesterova, N.S. & Maksimov, O.A. Geochemistry and Formation Conditions of Mesoarchean Banded Iron Formations (BIF-1) from the Kostomuksha Greenstone Belt, Karelian Craton. Geochem. Int. 62, 245–266 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702924030054

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702924030054

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