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Formation Conditions of the Protoliths of Upper Riphean and Vendian Metapelites in the Bodaibo Zone, Baikal–Patom Foldbelt

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Abstract

The paper presents data on the lithochemistry of Upper Riphean and Vendian metapelites in the Bodaibo structural–facies zone of the Baikal–Patom foldbelt. The typical K2O/Na2O and SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of the metapelites indicate that they have not been affected by potassium metasomatism and silicification processes. The ratios in the metapelites of the TM and FM and of the NAM and HM modules of the rocks suggest that their protoliths consisted mostly of the material of the first sedimentation cycle. Its sources were most likely igneous rocks of intermediate and mafic composition. The composition of the protoliths is comparable to kaolinite, kaolinite–illite–smectite, and chlorite–smectite–illite clays, i.e., it did not principally differ from the composition of most “ordinary” clay rocks. The average values of the chemical index of alteration (CIAcorrect) exceed its threshold value that distinguishes between rocks formed in cold/arid and warm/humid climates, only for metapelites of the Kharlukhtakh, Khaiverga, Aunakit, and Vacha formations. The metapelites of the other levels of the Upper Riphean and Vendian of the Bodaibo zone are composed of thin-grained aluminosilicate clastic material relatively weakly altered by chemical weathering in the paleocatchment areas. The average values of the phosphorus enrichment coefficient in the formations give reason to believe that the paleoproductivity of the sedimentation areas of the Upper Riphean and Vendian was insignificant, despite the locally rather high content of TOC in the metapelites. The metapelites also show no evidence of the presence of “camouflaged” pyroclastics or products of underwater exhalations.

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Notes

  1. This stage is conventionally referred to as the Medvezhevka–Ballaganakh one. However, inasmuch as the age of its oldest rocks of the Purpol and Medvezhevka formations is commonly thought to be Early Riphean, here and below we discuss only its Ballaganakh part. The age of the Ballaganakh Group is currently thought to be Late Riphean (Kovach et al., 2020 and references therein).

  2. Here and below, the hypothetical protoliths of the formations are listed.

  3. In fact, this and the other stratigraphic units of the Riphean and Vendian sequence of the Bodaibo zone of the Baikal−Patom Foldbelt consist of quartzite-gneisses (gneisses), leucocratic gneisses, plagiogneisses, calc-silicate rocks (scapolite−plagioclase ± zoisite, carbonate gneisses and schists), marbles, aluminous, garnet−biotite−muscovite schists and other metaterrignous rocks).

  4. \({\text{F}}{{{\text{e}}}_{{\text{2}}}}{\text{O}}_{{\text{3}}}^{{\text{*}}}\) means all Fe determined in the form of Fe2O3.

  5. Here and below, TM is the titanium modulus, TiO2/Al2O3; FM is the iron modulus, (\({\text{F}}{{{\text{e}}}_{{\text{2}}}}{\text{O}}_{{\text{3}}}^{{\text{*}}}\) + MnO)/(Al2O3 + TiO2), NAM is the normalized alkalinity modulus, (Na2O + K2O)/Al2O3; HM is the hydrolysate modulus, (Al2O3 + TiO2 + \({\text{F}}{{{\text{e}}}_{{\text{2}}}}{\text{O}}_{{\text{3}}}^{{\text{*}}}\) + MnO)/SiO2; MM is the maficity modulus, (\({\text{F}}{{{\text{e}}}_{{\text{2}}}}{\text{O}}_{{\text{3}}}^{{\text{*}}}\) + MgO)/SiO2; AM is the alkalinity modulus, Na2O/K2O; NM is the sodic modulus, Na2O/Al2O3; and KM is the potassic modulus, K2O/Al2O3 (Yudovich and Ketris, 2000).

  6. It was lately hypothesized that the climatic signal may be lost from marine sediments not only in sandstones but also in thin-grained sediments, because allochthonous material brought from areas with another climate, newly formed authigenic minerals, and other factors may significantly modify the composition of clay sediments (Garzanti et al., 2014; Dinis et al., 2020; and others).

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors than the anonymous reviewer and M.A. Levitan for valuable comments, which led us to improve the manuscript. S.A. Dub is thanked for help with choosing the necessary literature. We also thank N.S. Glushkova for preparing all illustrations for this publication.

Funding

This study was conducted under government-financed research projects for the Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (project nos. FMUW-2021-0003 and 0135-2019-0043). The study of the “camouflaged” pyroclastics was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 19-17-00099).

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  1. Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

    V. N. Podkovyrov

  2. Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119017, Moscow, Russia

    A. V. Maslov

  3. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia

    A. V. Maslov

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Podkovyrov, V.N., Maslov, A.V. Formation Conditions of the Protoliths of Upper Riphean and Vendian Metapelites in the Bodaibo Zone, Baikal–Patom Foldbelt. Geochem. Int. 60, 841–861 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702922090051

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702922090051

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