Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Skeleton and Musculature of the Male Genitalia in Psilidae (Diptera) and Their Implications for the Phylogeny

  • Published:
Entomological Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We have previously studied the musculature of the male genitalia in one species of Psilidae—Chyliza vittata Meigen, 1826. Here, we describe for the first time the male genital muscles of Imantimyia nigrifrons (Macquart, 1835), Loxocera aristata (Panzer, 1801), Chamaepsila humeralis (Zetterstedt, 1847), Psilosoma audouini (Zetterstedt, 1835), and Psila nigripalpis Shatalkin, 1983. It is shown that Psilidae are characterized by secondary symmetry of the pregenital and genital sclerites and muscles, and by reduction of the syntergosternite VII + VIII, which is correlated with reduction of the ejaculatory apodeme (apomorphy); the muscles M25 are also absent. The family shows compaction of the pregenital and genital skeleton and muscles realized in different ways. Clades [[[Chyliza] + [[Imantimyia + Loxocera] + [Chamaepsila + [Psilosoma + Psila]]] are supported by several synapomorphies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.

Notes

  1. Due to genital rotation, the sclerites of these segments do not always lie in the usual position; therefore, such characteristics as “wide” or “narrow” describe only the geometric shape of the sclerites, regardless of their orientation relative to the body axis.

REFERENCES

  1. Barták, M. and Carles-Tolrá, M., Psilidae Loew, 1861, in Checklist of Diptera of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Jedlička, L., Kúdela, M., and Stloukalová, V., Eds., 2009. Electronic version 2. http://www.edvis.sk/diptera2009/families/psilidae.htm

  2. Brindle, A., Taxonomic notes on the larvae of British Diptera. 22 Psilidae, Entomologist, 1965, vol. 98, p. 169.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Buck, M., 60. Psilidae (rust flies, psilid flies), in Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. 2, Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E., and Zumbado, M.A., Eds., Ottawa: NRC Research Press, 2010, p. 837.

  4. Buck, M. and Marshall, S., The identity of Pseudopsila, description of new subgenus of Psila, and redefinition of Psila sensu lato (Diptera: Psilidae), Eur. J. Entomol., 2006a, vol. 103, p. 183. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2006.021

  5. Buck, M. and Marshall, S., Revision of New World Loxocera (Diptera: Psilidae), with phylogenetic redefinition of Holarctic subgenera and species groups, Eur. J. Entomol., 2006b, vol. 103, p. 193. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2006.022

  6. Chandler, P.J., Observations on plant associations of the Psilidae, Entomol. Rec. J. Var., 1975, vol. 87, p. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Chandler, P.J., Checklists of Insects of the British Isles (New Series) Part 1: Diptera, Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. New Series. Vol. 12, London: Royal Entomological Society of London, 1998, p. 1.

  8. Cogan, B.H., Family Psilidae, in A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Vol. 3, Delfinado, M.D. and Hardy, D.E., Eds., Hawaii: The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1977, p. 24.

  9. Dengler, K., Zur Lebensweise von Chyliza leptogaster Panzer und Ch. nova Collin (Psilidae, Diptera) und ihre Bedeutung als Urheber von Bastnekrosen an Laubbäumen, Stud. Dipterol., 1997, vol. 4, p. 143.

  10. Ellis, P.R., Hardman, J.A., and Saw, P.L., Host plants of the carrot fly, Psila rosae (F.) (Dipt., Psilidae), Entomol. Mon. Mag., 1992, vol. 128, p. 1.

  11. Freidberg, A. and Shatalkin, A.I., The Psilidae (Diptera) of Israel, with emphasis on the Chamaepsila hebraica group, Isr. J. Entomol., 2009, vol. 38, p. 35.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Frey, R., Zur Systematik der paläarktischen Psiliden (Dipt.), Not. Entomol., 1925, vol. 5, p. 47.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Friedrich, F. and Beutel, R.G., The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera, Arthropod Struct. Dev., 2008, vol. 37, p. 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003

  14. Galinskaya, T.V. and Ovtshinnikova, O.G., Musculature of the male genitalia in the tribe Ulidiini (Diptera, Ulidiidae), Entomol. Rev., 2015a, vol. 95, no. 1, p. 31. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873815010042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Galinskaya, T.V. and Ovtshinnikova, O.G., Musculature of the male genitalia in Rivellia (Diptera: Platystomatidae), ZooKeys, 2015b, vol. 545, p. 149. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.545.6702

  16. Galinskaya, T.V., Shatalkin, A.I., and Ovtshinnikova, O.G., Skeleton and musculature of the male genitalia in the Nothybidae (Diptera), Entomol. Rev., 2016, vol. 96, no. 9, p. 1182. https://doi.org/10.1134/S001387381906006X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Galinskaya, T.V., Gafurova, D., and Ovtshinnikova, O.G., X-ray microtomography (microCT) of male genitalia of Nothybus kuznetsovorum (Nothybidae) and Cothornobata sp. (Micropezidae), ZooKeys, 2018, vol. 744, p. 139. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.744.22347

  18. Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S., and Nixon, K.C., TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis, Cladistics, 2008, vol. 24, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00217.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Goot, V.S. Van der and Veen, M.P. Van., De Spillebeenvliegen, Wortelvliegen en Wolzwevers van Noordwest-Europa, Utrecht, Nederland: Jeudbondsuitgeverij, 1996.

  20. Hennig, W., Aussereuropäische Psiliden und Platystomiden im Deutschen Entomologischen Institut (Diptera), Arb. Morphol. Taxon. Entomol. Berlin-Dahlem, 1940, vol. 7, p. 304.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hennig, W., 41. Psilidae, in Die Fliegen der Paläarktischen Region, Lindner, E., Ed., Stuttgart: Schweizerbart, 1941, p. 1.

  22. Hennig, W., Die Familien der Diptera Schizophora und ihre phylogenetischen Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen, Beitr. Entomol., 1958, vol. 8, p. 505.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Iwasa, M., The Japanese species of the genus Chyliza (Diptera, Psilidae), Japan. J. Entomol., 1989, vol. 57, p. 148.

  24. Iwasa, M., 3.11. Family Psilidae, in Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with Special Reference to Flies of Economic Importance). Vol. 3. Higher Brachycera, Papp, L. and Darvas, B., Eds., Budapest: Science Herald, 1998, p. 177.

  25. Lyneborg, L., On the life history of Chyliza annulipes Macquart, 1835 (Diptera: Psilidae), Entomol. Medd., 1987, vol. 55. p. 27.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Matsuda, R., Morphology and Evolution of the Insect Abdomen: with Special Reference to Developmental Patterns and Their Bearings upon Systematics, Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd, 1976.

  27. McAlpine, J.F., Morphology and terminology – Adults. 2, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1, McAlpine, J.F., Ed., Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1981, p. 9.

  28. McAlpine, J.F., Phylogeny and classification of the Muscomorpha, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 3, McAlpine, J.F., Ed., Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1989, p. 1397.

  29. Meijere, J.C.H., de, Über die Larven der in Orchideen minierenden Dipteren, Tijdsch. Entomol., 1940, vol. 83, p. 122.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Meijere, J.C.H., de, Pupariën van Loxocera in stengels van Juncus, Entomol. Bericht., 1941, vol. 10, p. 286.

  31. Nixon, K.C., ‘Winclada Version 1.00.08.’ 2002 (Published by the author, Ithaca, NY, USA). http://www.cladistics.com

  32. Ovtshinnikova, O.G., Muscles of the male genitalia of Brachycera–Orthorrhapha (Diptera), Tr. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1989, vol. 190, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ovtshinnikova, O.G., On the homology of male genital sclerites of Brachycera Orthorrhapha and Cyclorrhapha (Diptera) based on musculature, Dipterol. Res., 1994, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 263.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ovtshinnikova, O.G. and Galinskaya, T.V., Musculature of the abdomen and male genitalia of a member of Celyphidae (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha), Oriental Insects, 2016a, vol. 50, no. 4, p. 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2016.1227733

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Ovtshinnikova, O.G. and Galinskaya, T.V., Musculature of the male genitalia of a member of the genus Teleopsis Rondani, 1875 (Diopsidae, Diptera), Oriental Insects, 2016b, vol. 50, no. 2, p. 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2016.1171174

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ovtshinnikova, O.G., Galinskaya, T.V., and Shatalkin, A.I., Musculature of the male genitalia of Chyliza vittata Meigen (Diptera, Psilidae), Entomol. Rev., 2015, vol. 95, no. 7, p. 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0013873815070052

  37. Ovtshinnikova, O.G. and Yeates, D.K., Male genital musculature of Therevidae and Scenopinidae (Diptera: Asiloidea): structure, homology and phylogenetic implications, Aust. J. Entomol., 1998, vol. 37, no. 1, p. 27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Pape, T., Fauna Europaea: Psilidae, in Fauna Europaea: Diptera, Brachycera, Fauna Europaea version 1.1, Pape, T., Ed., 2004. http://www.faunaeur.org

  39. Shatalkin, A.I., Review of the East Palaearctic flies of the genus Psila Mg. (Diptera, Psilidae), with a key to the Palaearctic species, Tr. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1986, vol. 146, p. 23.

  40. Shatalkin, A.I., Notes on the Palaearctic Psilidae (Diptera), Archiv. Zool. Mus. Mosc. St. Univ., 1989, vol. 27, p. 88.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Shatalkin, A.I., Asian species of Loxocera Meigen (Diptera: Psilidae), Rus. Entomol. J., 1998, vol. 6, no. 3–4, p. 87.

  42. Shatalkin, A.I., Afrotropical Psilidae (Diptera). 1. Genera Belobackenbardia gen. n. and Psila Meigen, 1803, Rus. Entomol. J., 2002, vol. 10, p. 417.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Shatalkin, A.I., 65. Psilidae (Psilid Flies, Naked Flies), in Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Vol. 3. Brachycera: Cyclorrhapha, Excluding Calyptratae. Suricata 8, Kirk-Spriggs, A.H. and Sinclair, B.J., Eds., Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute Publishing, 2021a, p. 1545.

  44. Shatalkin, A.I., Belobackenbardia mostovskii sp. n. (Diptera: Psilidae) is the fourth species of an endemic genus found in South Africa, Rus. Entomol. J., 2021b, vol. 30, p. 342.

  45. Shatalkin, A.I. and Merz, B., The Psilidae (Diptera, Acalyptrata) of Switzerland, with description of two new species from Central Europe, Rev. Suiss. Zool., 2010, vol. 117, p. 771. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.117602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Shewell, G.E., Family Psilidae, in A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico, Stone, A., Sabrosky, C.W., Wirth, W.W., Foote, R.H., and Coulson, J.R., Eds., Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Press, 1965, p. 638.

  47. Soós, A., Family Psilidae, in Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 9, Soós, A. and Papp, L., Eds., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1984, p. 28.

  48. Steyskal, G.C., 60. Psilidae, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2, McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R., and Wood, D.M., Eds., Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1987, p. 781.

  49. Wiegmann, B.M., Trautwein, M.D., Winkler, I.S., Barr, N.W., Kim, J.-W., Lambkin, C., Bertone, M.A., Cassel, B.K., Bayless, K.M., Heimberg, A.M., Wheeler, B.M., Peterson, K.J., Pape, T., Sinclair, B.J., Skevington, J.H., Blagoderov, V., Caravas, J., Kutty, S., Schmidt-Ott, U., Kampmeier, G.E., Thompson, F.C., Grimaldi, D.A., Beckenbach, A.T., Courtney, G.W., Friedrich, M., Meier, R., and Yeates, D.K., Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2011, vol. 108, no. 14, p. 5690. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012675108

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Due to genital rotation, the sclerites of these segments do not always lie in the usual position; therefore, such characteristics as “wide” or “narrow” describe only the geometric shape of the sclerites, regardless of their orientation relative to the body axis.

Download references

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Lucia Pollini Paltrinieri (Museo cantonale di storia naturale, Lugano, Switzerland) for supplying the material, to D.I. Gavryushin and A.L. Ozerov (Zoological Museum, Lomonosov Moscow State University) for providing the material, the assistance and advice, useful criticism and many interesting discussions. We thank P.N. Petrov (Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University) for improving the English of the manuscript.

Funding

The work of A.I. Shatalkin was supported by the Scientific Project of the State order of the Government of the Russian Federation to Lomonosov Moscow State University no. 121032300105-0. The work of O.G. Ovtshinnikova was supported by the Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (State Research Program no. 122031100272-3).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zoological Museum, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 125009, Moscow, Russia

    A. I. Shatalkin

  2. Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

    O. G. Ovtshinnikova

Authors
  1. A. I. Shatalkin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. O. G. Ovtshinnikova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to O. G. Ovtshinnikova.

Ethics declarations

Statement on the welfare of animals. All the applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All the procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note. Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shatalkin, A.I., Ovtshinnikova, O.G. Skeleton and Musculature of the Male Genitalia in Psilidae (Diptera) and Their Implications for the Phylogeny. Entmol. Rev. 103, 373–400 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873823040012

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873823040012

Keywords:

Search

Navigation