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The Skeleton and Musculature of the Male Genitalia in Platypezidae (Diptera)

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Abstract

The musculature of the male genitalia of Platypezidae (Diptera) is described for the first time. The hypandrium in members of the subfamilies Platypezinae and Callomyiinae belongs to two different structural types. The Platypezinae type is basal and shows great similarity to that in Diptera Orthorrhapha, while the Callomyiinae type is derivative and very similar to that in most Diptera Cyclorrhapha. The hypandrium of the Platypezinae type is trough-shaped and represents a transitional state in the formation of a tubular hypandrium of the Callomyiinae type. The formation of a tubular hypandrium could have led to drastic shortening of the phallus, while the orientation of the phallotrema changed from dorsal in Platypezinae to ventral in Callomyiinae. The pregenital sclerites and also the musculature of the hypandrial complex in Platypezinae demonstrate an evolutionarily more advanced state of the characters. Additional evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that the gonopods were incorporated into the hypandrial structure in Cyclorrhapha. The presence of dedicated muscles in the pregonites suggests that in Platypezidae these sclerites are gonopod derivatives rather than hypandrium outgrowths.

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Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to D.I. Gavryushin and A.L. Ozerov (Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University) for the provided material and advice on the manuscript.

Funding

The work of T.V. Galinskaya (processing of dry and etha-nol-preserved material, preparation of figures) was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project 14-14-00208); the manuscript was prepared at the Department of Entomology (Biology Faculty, Moscow State University) (State Research Program AAAA-A16-116021660095-7). The work of A.I. Shatalkin was carried out at the Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University (State Research Program AAAA-A16-116021660077-3) and finan-cially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 16-04-01358-a). The work of O.G. Ovtshin-nikova was carried out at the Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (State Research Program AAAA-A19-119020690082-8) and financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 18-04-00354-a).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia

    T. V. Galinskaya

  2. Scientific and Methodological Department of Entomology, All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center, Bykovo, Moscow Province, 140150, Russia

    T. V. Galinskaya & A. I. Shatalkin

  3. Zoological Museum, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 125009, Russia

    A. I. Shatalkin & O. G. Ovtshinnikova

  4. Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia

    O. G. Ovtshinnikova

Authors
  1. T. V. Galinskaya
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  2. A. I. Shatalkin
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  3. O. G. Ovtshinnikova
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Correspondence to T. V. Galinskaya, A. I. Shatalkin or O. G. Ovtshinnikova.

Additional information

Russian Text © The Author(s), 2019, published in Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 2019, Vol. 98, No. 7, pp. 792–803.

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Galinskaya, T.V., Shatalkin, A.I. & Ovtshinnikova, O.G. The Skeleton and Musculature of the Male Genitalia in Platypezidae (Diptera). Entmol. Rev. 99, 774–786 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S001387381906006X

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