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Position of Algae on the Tree of Life

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Abstract

Issues related to evolution of algal chloroplasts are considered. The position of algae on the Tree of Life is discussed. Algae are now included in five of the monophyletic eukaryotic supergroups: Archaeplastida (Glaucocystophyta, Rhodophyta, Prasinodermophyta, Chlorophyta, and Charophyta), TSAR (Ochrophyta; Dinophyta; Chlorarachniophyta; and photosynthetic species of the genera Chromera, Vetrella, and Paulinella), Haptista (Prymnesiophyta and Rappemonads), Cryptista (Cryptophyta), and Discoba (Euglenophyta). The algal divisions and the respective supergroups are characterized in brief.

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Notes

  1. A chloroplast is understood here as a plastid (not only a green one) wherein photosynthesis takes place.

  2. The division was described in 2020 (Li et al., 2020); members of the division were earlier classed with Chlorophyta.

  3. Because Prymnesium Massart is the type genus of the division, Prymnesiophyta is the correct division name. However, the name Haptophyta is more often used for the division in the literature.

  4. The group name was more recently changed to CASH (Cryptophyta, Alveolata (including Dinophyta), Stramenopila (including Ochrophyta), Haptophyta) (for more detail, see Petersen et al., 2014).

  5. Meaning chloroplasts that originate from an ancestral red alga.

  6. The clade CRuMs includes Collodictyonidae + Rigifilida + Mantamonas.

  7. Charophyte algae belong to the group Streptophyta together with vascular plants and bryophytes. Characteristics are given here to the division Charophyta, which includes all algal classes that belong to the Streptophyta lineage (see (Frey, 2015)).

  8. A conoid is a hollow conical structure that consists of tubulin fibers and is a component of the apical complex, which is involved in cell penetration and nutrition.

  9. A micropore is a cell surface depression used to assimilate nutrients.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to E. Voronina (Biological Faculty, Moscow State University) and the reviewers for critical attitude toward the manuscript and valuable comments. M.A. Gololobova is grateful to researchers of the Algology Laboratory (Komarov Botanical Institute) for inspiring her to write this work.

Funding

The work was carried out as part of the Scientific Project of the State Order of the Government of Russian Federation to Moscow State University No. 121032300080-0.

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    M. A. Gololobova & G. A. Belyakova

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Gololobova, M.A., Belyakova, G.A. Position of Algae on the Tree of Life. Dokl Biol Sci 507, 312–326 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0012496622060035

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