Abstract
In thermocouple measurements in flames of gaseous or condensed systems, it is usually assumed that due to the small sizes of thermocouples, the flame perturbations caused by thermocouples are negligible. It is shown, however, that these perturbations can be significant. Temperature measurements in a laminar methane flame at atmospheric pressure revealed a systematic overestimation of measured temperatures compared with the temperature of the unperturbed flame in the temperature gradient region and in the region of the maximum concentration of radicals. This overestimation was measured, and its causes were analyzed. Previously, such effects have not been studied in the literature.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. M. Fristrom and A. A. Westenberg, Flame Structure, McGraw-Hill, New York (1965).
Ya. B. Zel’dovich, G. I. Barenblatt, V. B. Librovich, and G. M. Makhviladze, The Mathematical Theory of Combustion and Explosions, Plenum, New York (1985).
A. T. Hartlieb, B. Atakan, and K. Kohse-Hoinghaus, “Effects of a sampling quartz nozzle on the flame structure of a fuel-rich low-pressure propene flame,” Combust. Flame, 121, No. 4, 610–624 (2000).
N. Leplat, A. Seydi, and J. Vandooren, “An experimental study of the structure of a stoichiometric ethanol/oxygen/argon flame,” Combust. Sci. Technol., 180, 519–532 (2008).
O. P. Korobeinichev, V. M. Shvartsberg, A. G. Shmakov, D. A. Knyazkov, and I. V. Rybitskaya, “Inhibition of atmospheric lean and Rich CH4/O2/Ar flames by phosphorus-containing compound,” in: Proc. Combust. Inst., 31, No. 2, 2741–2748 (2007).
A. A. Zenin, “Structure of temperature distribution in steady-state burning of a ballistite powder,” Combust., Expl., Shock Waves, 2, No. 3, 67–76 (1966).
J. Vandooren and J. Bian, “Validation of H2/O2 reaction mechanisms by comparison with the experimental structure of a rich hydrogen-oxygen flame,” in: 23rd Symp. (Int.) on Combustion, Combustion Inst., Pittsburgh, PA (1990), pp. 341–346.
A. N. Hayhurst and D. B. Kittelson, “Heat and mass transfer considerations in the use of electrically heated thermocouples,” Combust. Flame, 28, 301–317 (1977).
O. P. Korobeinichev, S. B. Ilyin, V. V. Mokrushin, and A. G. Shmakov, “Destruction chemistry of dimethyl methylphosphonate in H2/O2/Ar flame studied by molecular beam mass spectrometry,” Combust. Sci. Technol., 116, No. 1, 51–67 (1996).
A. A. Zenin, “Processes in combustion sones of ballistite powders,” Physical Processes in Combustion and Explosion [in Russian], Atomizdat, Moscow (1980), pp. 68–105
A. A. Zenin “Thermophysics of stable combustion waves of solid propellants,” in: Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 143 (1992), pp. 197–231.
A. A. Zenin, “HMX and RDX: Combustion mechanism and influence on modern double-base propellant combustion,” J. Propulsion Power, 11, No. 4, 752–758 (1995).
V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, A. I. Levshenkov, and V. V. Serushkin, “Combustion of ammonium dinitramid. Part 2: Combustion mechanism,” J. Propulsion Power, 22, No. 4, 777–785 (2006).
A. A. Zenin and S. V. Finjakov, “Studying RDX and HMX combustion by various experimental techniques,” Combust., Expl., Shock Waves, 45, No. 5, 559–578 (2009).
T. Parr and D. Hanson-Parr, “Optical diagnostics of solid-propellant flame structures,” in: V. Yang, T. B. Brill, and W.-Z. Ren (eds.), Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 185: Solid Propellant Chemistry, Combustion, and Motor Interior Ballistics, Reston, VA (2000), pp. 381–411.
A. T. Hartlieb, B. Atakan, and K. Kohse-Hoinghaus, “Temperature measurement in fuel-rich non-sooting low-pressure hydrocarbon flames,” Appl. Phys. B, 70, 435–445 (2000).
N. Bahlawane, U. Struckmeier, et al., “Noncatalytic thermocouple coatings produced with chemical vapor deposition for flame temperature measurements,” Rev. Sci. Instr., 78, 013905 (2007).
A. A. Zenin “Errors of thermocouple readings in flame,” Inzh.-Fiz. Zh., 5, No. 5, 68–74 (1962).
A. A. Zenin “Heat transfer of microthermocouples in combustion of condense substances,” Zh. Prikl. Mekh. Tekh. Fiz., No. 5, 125–131 (1963).
A. A. Zenin “Experimental study of the combustion mechanism of solid propellants and the flow of their combustion products,” Doct. Dissertation, Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow (1976).
M. V. Heitor and A. L. N. Moreira, “Thermocouple and sample probes for combustion studies,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 19, 259–278 (1993).
V. E. Zarko, A. I. Sukhinin, and S. S. Khlevnoi, “Temperature measurements in the gas phase of a burning propellant,” Combust., Expl., Shock Waves, 6, No. 4, 487–491 (1970).
W. E. Kaskan, “The dependence of flame temperature on mass burning velocity,” in: Sixth Symp. (Int.) on Combustion, Reinhold (1957), pp. 134–143.
C. R. Shaddix, “Correcting thermocouple measurements for radiation loss: A critical review,” in: Proc. 33rd National Heat Transfer Conf., Albuquerque, New Mexico, August 15–17 (1999), HTD99-282, pp. 1–10.
A. A. Zenin and S. V. Finjakov, “Characteristics of RDX combustion zones at different pressures and initial temperatures,” Combust., Expl., Shock Waves, 42, No. 5, 521–533 (2006).
A. A. Zenin and S. V. Finjakov, “Characteristics of octogen and hexogen combustion: A comparison,” in: Proc. 37th Int. Annu. Conf. of ICT, Fraunhofer Inst. Chem. Technol., Karlsruhe (2006), pp. 118.1–118.18.
M. V. Beckstead, “Condensed-phase control: Or Gasphase control?” Combust., Expl., Shock Waves, 43, No. 2, 243–245 (2007).
O. P. Korobeinichev, A. A. Paletsky, and E. N. Volkov, “Flame structure and combustion chemistry of energetic materials,” Khim. Fiz., 27, No. 4, 34–59 (2008).
G. I. Ksandopulo and L. I. Koplylova, “Chemistry of combustion waves in substances with a complicated structure of reagent molecules. 1. Structure of the front of rich isopentane flame,” Combust., Expl., Shock Waves, 40, No. 5, 535–544 (2004).
P. A. Skovorodko, A. G. Tereshchenko, O. P. Korobeinichev, D. A. Knyazkov, and A. G. Shmakov, “Investigation of flame perturbations produced by the sampling probe. 1. Perturbations of the gasdynamic flow structure,” Khim. Fiz., 25, No. 10, 23–32 (2006).
R. J. Kee, J. F. Grcar, M. D. Smooke, and J. A. Miller, “PREMIX: A Fortran program for modeling laminar one-dimensional premixed flames,” Sandia National Laboratories Report No. SAND85-8240 (1985); http://www.ca.sandia.gov/chemkin/.
R. J. Kee, F. M. Rupley, and J. A. Miller, “CHEMKIN-II: A Fortran chemical kinetics package for the analysis of gas phase chemical kinetics,” Sandia National Laboratories Report No. SAND 89-8009B (1989).
G. P. Smith et al., GRI-Mech 3.0 (1999). http://www.me.berkeley.edu/gri mech/version30/text30.html.
D. A. Knyazkov, V. M. Shvartsberg, A. G. Shmakov, and O. P. Korobeinichev, “Influence of organophosphorus inhibitors on the structure of atmospheric lean and rich methane-oxygen flames,” Combust., Expl., Shock Waves, 43, No. 2, 23–31 (2007).
D. A. Knyazkov, A. G. Shmakov, and O. P. Korobeinichev, “Application of molecular beam mass spectrometry in studying the structure of a diffusive counterflow flame of CH4/N2 and O2/N2 doped with trimethylphosphate,” Combust. Flame, 151, 37–45 (2007).
H. Y. Wong, Handbook of Essential Formulae and Data on Heat Transfer for Engineers, Longman, London-New York (1977).
Yu. V. Polezhaev and F. B. Yurevich, Thermal Protection [in Russian], Énergiya, Moscow (1976).
V. A. Petrov and V. Yu. Reznik, “Experimental study of the integral normal emissivity of partially transparent materials,” in: Thermophysical Properties of Solids [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1973), pp. 120–125.
N. M. Rubtsov, G. I. Tsvetkov, and V. I. Chernysh, “On the regularities of hydrogen combustion near the lower flammability limit in the kinetic region of chain breaking,” Zh. Fiz. Khim., 83, No. 10, 1884–1887 (2009).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
__________
Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 34–45, July–August, 2011.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tereshchenko, A.G., Knyaz’kov, D.A., Skovorodko, P.A. et al. Perturbations of the flame structure due to a thermocouple. I. Experiment. Combust Explos Shock Waves 47, 403–413 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0010508211040034
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0010508211040034