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Lipid Rafts in Exosome Biogenesis

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Abstract

Exosomes (secreted extracellular vesicles formed in the intracellular vesicular transport system) play a crucial role in distant cell–cell communication. Exosomes transfer active forms of various biomolecules; the molecular composition of the exosomal cargo is a result of targeted selection and depends on the type of producer cells. The mechanisms underlying exosome formation and cargo selection are poorly understood. It is believed that there are several pathways for exosome biogenesis, although the questions about their independence and simultaneous coexistence in the cell still remain open. The least studied topic is the recently discovered mechanism of exosome formation associated with lipid rafts, or membrane lipid microdomains. Here, we present modern concepts and basic hypotheses on the mechanisms of exosome biogenesis and secretion and summarize current data on the involvement of lipid rafts and their constituent molecules in these processes. Special attention is paid to the analysis of possible role in the exosome formation of raft-forming proteins of the SPFH family, components of planar rafts, and caveolin, the main component of caveolae.

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Abbreviations

ER:

endoplasmic reticulum

ESCRT:

endosomal sorting complex required for transport

EV:

extracellular vesicle

GA:

Golgi apparatus

ILV:

intraluminal vesicle

LR:

lipid raft

MVE:

multivesicular endosome

PM:

plasma membrane

RFP:

raft-forming proteins

SPFH (proteins):

stomatin, pro-hibitin, flotillin, and HflK/C anmis

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Funding

Funding. This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 18-04-00038A).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478, Moscow, Russia

    G. O. Skryabin, A. V. Komelkov, E. E. Savelyeva & E. M. Tchevkina

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  1. G. O. Skryabin
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  2. A. V. Komelkov
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  3. E. E. Savelyeva
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  4. E. M. Tchevkina
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Correspondence to A. V. Komelkov.

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Compliance with ethical standards. No description of studies with human subjects or animals performed by any of the authors is provided in the paper.

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Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Russian Text © The Author(s), 2020, published in Biokhimiya, 2020, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 208–224.

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Skryabin, G.O., Komelkov, A.V., Savelyeva, E.E. et al. Lipid Rafts in Exosome Biogenesis. Biochemistry Moscow 85, 177–191 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297920020054

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297920020054

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