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The Role of Transposable Elements in Emergence of Metazoa

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Abstract

Systems initially emerged for protecting genomes against insertions of transposable elements and represented by mechanisms of splicing regulation, RNA–interference, and epigenetic factors have played a key role in the evolution of animals. Many studies have shown inherited transpositions of mobile elements in embryogenesis and preservation of their activities in certain tissues of adult organisms. It was supposed that on the emergence of Metazoa the self–regulation mechanisms of transposons related with the gene networks controlling their activity could be involved in intercellular cell coordination in the cascade of successive divisions with differentiated gene expression for generation of tissues and organs. It was supposed that during evolution species–specific features of transposons in the genomes of eukaryotes could form the basis for creation of dynamically related complexes of systems for epigenetic regulation of gene expression. These complexes could be produced due to the influence of noncoding transposon–derived RNAs on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and processing of alternative splicing variants, whereas the mobile elements themselves could be directly involved in the regulation of gene expression in cis and in trans. Transposons are widely distributed in the genomes of eukaryotes; therefore, their activation can change the expression of specific genes. In turn, this can play an important role in cell differentiation during ontogenesis. It is supposed that transposons can form a species–specific pattern for control of gene expression, and that some variants of this pattern can be favorable for adaptation. The presented data indicate the possible influence of transposons in karyotype formation. It is supposed that transposon localization relative to one another and to protein–coding genes can influence the species–specific epigenetic regulation of ontogenesis.

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Abbreviations

AS:

alternative splicing

CNS:

central nervous system

ERV:

endogenous retroviruses

ESC:

embryonic stem cells

lincRNA:

long intergenic noncoding RNA

LINE:

long interspersed nuclear element

lncRNAs:

long noncoding RNAs

LTR:

long terminal repeats

ME:

mobile element

MIR:

mammalian wide interspersed repeat

ncRNAs:

noncoding RNAs

piRNAs:

piwi–interacting RNAs

RdRP:

RNA–dependent RNA polymerase

RNAi:

RNA interference

SINE:

short interspersed nuclear element

siRNAs:

small interfering RNAs

UTR:

untranslated region

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bashkir State University, 450076, Ufa, Russia

    R. N. Mustafin & E. K. Khusnutdinova

  2. Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Center, 450054, Ufa, Russia

    E. K. Khusnutdinova

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  1. R. N. Mustafin
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Original Russian Text © R. N. Mustafin, E. K. Khusnutdinova, 2018, published in Biokhimiya, 2018, Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 291–308.

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Mustafin, R.N., Khusnutdinova, E.K. The Role of Transposable Elements in Emergence of Metazoa. Biochemistry Moscow 83, 185–199 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S000629791803001X

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