Abstract
For centuries microbial biotransformation has proved to be an imperative tool in alleviating the production of various chemicals used in food, pharmaceutical, agrochemical and other industries. In the field of pharmaceutical research and development, biotransformation studies have been extensively applied to investigate the metabolism of compounds (leads, lead candidates, etc.) using animal models. The microbial biotransformation phenomenon is then commonly employed in comparing metabolic pathways of drugs and scaling up the metabolites of interest discovered in these animal models for further pharmacological and toxicological evaluation. Microorganisms can conveniently afford drugs difficult obtained via synthesis. The plethora of reported microbial biotransformations along with its added benefits has already invoked further research in bioconversion of novel and structurally complex drugs. This review alternatively discusses the prospect of microbial biotransformation studies as a significant element ameliorating drug discovery and design in terms of cost-effectiveness, environment protection and greater structural diversity as compared to animal models used to study metabolism. To explicate the microbial biotransformation paradigm in drug designing 3 main areas in this aspect have been analyzed: 1—lead expansion: obtaining pharmacologically improved metabolites from bioactive molecules; 2—biosynthesis of precursors/intermediates involved in the production of bioactive molecules; 3—resolution of racemic mixture to obtain enantiomers possessing different pharmacological profiles.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Venisetty, R.K. and Ciddi, V., Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2003, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 153–167.
Fura, A., Drug Discov. Today, 2006, vol. 11, nos. 3/4, pp. 133–141.
Leuenberger, H.G.W., Pure Appl. Chem., 1990, vol. 62, pp. 753–768.
Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M., and Snader, K.M., Nat. Prod. Rep., 2000, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 215–234.
Rathbone, D.A. and Bruce, N.C., Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 2002, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 274–281.
El Sayed, K., J. Nat. Prod., 1998, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 149–151.
Orabi, K.Y., Li E., Clark, A.M., and Hufford, C.D., J. Nat. Prod., 1999, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 988–992.
El Sayed, K.A., Phytochemistry, 2000, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 675–678.
Bister-Miel, F., Agier, C., Bury, M., Postaire, E., Guignard, J. L., and Viel, C., Plant Med. Phytother., 1986, vol. 20, no.1, pp. 3–7.
Christinaki, H., Bister-Miel, F., Hammoumi, A., Bury, M., Guignard, J. L., and Viel, C., Phytochemistry, 1987, vol. 26, no.11, pp. 2991–2994.
Dorisse, P., Gleye, J., Loiseau, P., Puig, P., Edy, A. M., and Henry, M., J. Nat. Prod., 1988, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 532–536.
Rideau, M., Morard, P., Gansser, C., Chenieux, J. C., and Viel, C., Pharmazie, 1988, vol. 43, no. 5, pp.332–334.
Herath, W., Mikell, J.R., Ferreira, D., and Khan, I.A., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2003, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 646–648.
Nogawa, T., Kamano, Y., Yamashita, A., and Pettit, G.R., J. Nat. Prod., 2001, vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 1148–1152.
Yeh, J.Y., Huang, W.J., Kan, S.F., and Wang, P.S., Prostate, 2003, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 112–124.
Kamano, Y., Kotake, A., Hashima, H., Inoue, M., Morita, H., Takeya, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem., 1998, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 1103–1115.
Kamano, Y., Yamashita, A., Nogawa, T., Morita, H., Takeya, K., Itokawa, H. et al., J. Med. Chem., 2002, vol. 45, no. 25, pp. 5440–5447.
Ye, M., Qu, G., Guo, H., and Guo, D., J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2004, vol. 91, nos. 1–2, pp. 87–98.
Zhang, J., Sun, Y., Liu, J.H., Yu, B.Y., and Xu, Q., Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2007, vol. 17, no. 22, pp. 6062–6065.
Porto, T.S., Rangel, R., Furtado, N.A.J.C., De Carvalho, T.C., Martins, C.H.G., Veneziani, R.C.S., et al., Molecules, 2009, vol. 14, no. 1, pp.191–199.
Severiano, M.E., Simão, M.R., Porto, T.S., Martins, C.H., Veneziani, R.C., Furtado, et al., Molecules, 2010, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 8553–8566.
Urzúa, A., Rezende, M.C., Mascayano, C., and Vasquez, L., Molecules, 2008, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 882–891.
Parshikov, I.A., Miriyala, B., Muraleedharan, K.M., Avery, M.A., and Williamson, J.S., J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2006, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 349–352.
Parshikov, I.A., Miriyala, B., Avery, M.A., and Williamson, J.S., Biotechnol. Lett., 2004, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 607–610.
Yagi, A., Uemura, T., Okamura, N., Haraguchi, H., Imoto, T., and Hashimoto, K., Phytochemistry, 1997, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 885–887.
Haraguchi, H., Ohmi, I., Sakai, S., Fukluda, A., Toihara, Y., Fujimoto, T., et al., J. Nat. Prod., 1996, vol. 59, pp. 443–445.
Ibrahim, A.R., Phytochemistry, 2000, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 209–212.
Ibrahim, A.R., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2005, vol. 53, no. 6, pp.671–673.
Chung, W.T., Lee, S.H., Kim, J.D., Sung, N.S., Hwang, B., Lee, S.Y., et al., Cytotechnology, 2001, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 55–64.
Maatooq, G.T., Marzouk, A.M., Gray, A.I., and Rosazza, J.P., Phytochemistry, 2010, vol. 71, nos. 2–3, pp. 262–270.
Chen, J.W., Zhu, Z.Q., Hu, T.X., and Zhu, D.Y., Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2002, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 667–672.
Kostrzewa-Susłow, E., Dmochowska-Gładysz, J., and Oszmiański, J., J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym., 2007, vol. 49, pp. 113–117.
Radwan, M.M., Elsohly, M.A., Slade, D., Ahmed, S.A., Wilson, L., El-Alfy, A.T., et al., Phytochemistry, 2008, vol. 69, no. 14, pp. 2627–2633.
Ibraham, K.A., Radwan, M.M., Ahmed, S.A., Slade, D., Ross, S.A., Elsohly, M.A., and Khan, I.A., Phytochemistry, 2010, vol. 71, nos. 8–9, pp. 1014–1019.
Choudhary, M.I., Siddiqui, Z.A., Musharraf, S.G., Nawaz, S.A., and Atta-Ur-Rahman, Nat. Prod. Res., 2005, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 311–317.
Choudhary, M.I., Musharraf, S.G., Siddiqui, Z.A., Khan, N.T., Ali, R.A., and Ur-Rahman, A., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2005, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 1011–1013.
Padgett, D.A. and Loria, R.M., J. Immunol., 1994, vol. 153, vol. 4, pp. 1544–1552.
Loria, R.M., Padgett, D.A., and Nuynh, P.N., J. Endocrinol., 1996, vol. 150(suppl.), pp. S209–S220.
Loria, R.M., Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1997, vol. 22(suppl. 1), pp. S103–108.
Li, H.-P., Yu, P., Zhang, H.-J., and Liu, H.-M., Chin. J. Chem., 2008, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 1666–1668.
Russell, W.R., Scobbie, L., Chesson, A., Richardson, A.J., Stewart, C.S., Duncan, S.H., et al., Nutr. Cancer, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 636–642.
Gurram, P. S., Girisham, S., and Reddy, S. M., Iranian J. Biotech., 2009, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 142–147.
Shyam Prasad, G., Girisham, S., and Reddy, S. M., J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2009, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 922–931
Srisailam, K. and Veeresham, C., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 2010, vol. 160, no. 7, pp. 2075–2089.
Ma, B., Huang, H.H., Chen, X.Y., Sun, Y.M., Lin, L.H., and Zhong, D.F., Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2007, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1067–1074.
Schmitz, G., Franke, D., Stevens, S., Takors, R., Weuster-Botz, D., and Wandrey, C., J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym., 2000, vol. 10, no. 1–3, pp. 313–324.
Mazier. C., Jaouen. M., Sari, M.A., and Buisson, D., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2004, vol. 14, no. 21, pp. 5423–5426.
Parshikov, I.A., Freeman, J.P., O. Lay, J., Jr., Beger, R.D., Williams, A.J., and Sutherland, J.B., FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 1999, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 131–135.
Prasad, G. S., Girisham, S., and Reddy, S.M., Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2010, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 415–420.
Verma, A.K., Khemaria, P. Gupta, J., Singh, D.P., Joshi, B.S., Roy, R., et al., Arkivoc., 2010, vol. 9, pp. 1–11.
Li, W., Josephs, J.L., Skiles, G.L., and Humphreys, W.G., Drug. Metab. Dispos., 2008, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 721–730.
Das, J., Chen, P., Norris, D., Padmanabha, R., Lin, J., Moquin, R.V., et al., J. Med. Chem., 2006, vol. 49, no. 23, pp. 6819–6826.
Potin, D., Monatlik, F., Malabre, P., Fabreguettes, M., Fouquet, A., et al., J. Med. Chem., 2006, vol. 49, no. 24, pp. 6946–6949.
Puzantian, T., Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., 1998, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 44–49.
Stimmel, G.L., Dopheide, J.A., and Stahl, S.M., Pharmacotherapy, 1997, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 10–21.
Martinez, F., del Campo, C., Sinisterra, J.V, and Llama, E.F., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 2000, vol. 11, no. 23, pp. 4651–4660.
Martinez, F., del Campo, C., Sinisterra, J.V, and Llama, E.F., Enzyme Microb. Technol., 2002, vol. 30, no. 3, pp.895–901.
Macías, F.A., Molinillo, J.M., Galindo, J.C., Varela, R.M., Simonet, A.M., and Castellano, D.J., Crop. Prod., 2001, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 237–255.
Macías, F.A., Marín, D., Oliveros-Bastidas, A., Chinchilla, D., Simonet, A.M., and Molinillo, J.M.G., J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 991–1000.
Vallea, A., Cabreraa, G., Molinillob, J.M.G., Gómeza, J.M., Macías, F.A., and Cantero, D., Process Biochem., 2011, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 358–364.
Esteve-Núñez, A., Caballero, A., and Ramos, J.L., Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 2001, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 335–352.
Yang, S.L., Lan, J., and Xu, J.T., Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs, 2000, vol. 3l, no. 1, pp. 66–69.
Ojemann, L.M., Nelson, W.L., Shin, D.S., Rowe, A.O., and Buchanan, R.A., Epilepsy Behav., 2006, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 376–383.
Jin, W.S. and Tian, D.Q., Chin. Tradit. Drugs Technol., 2000, vol. 2, pp. 21–23.
Gong, X.D. and Sucher, N.J., Trends Pharm., 1999, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 191–196.
Wang, X. and Zhou, M.M., West China J. Pharm. Sci., 2003, vol. 18, pp. 269–270.
Zhang, H.F., He, G.Q., Liu, J., Ruan, H., Chen Q.H., Zhang, Q., et al., Enzyme Microb. Technol., 2008, vol. 43, pp. 25–30.
Abel, A.M., Carnell, A. J., Davis, J.A., and Paylor, M., Biotechnol. Lett., 2002, vol. 24, no. 15, pp. 1291–1294.
Abel, A.M., Carnell, A. J., Davis, J.A., and Paylor, M., Enzyme. Microb. Technol., 2003, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 743–748.
Clader, J.W., Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2005, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 243–56.
May, S.W., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 1999, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 370–375.
Patel, R.N., Coord. Chem. Rev., 2008, vol. 252, no. 5, pp. 659–701.
Singh, A., Basit, A., and Banerjee, U.C., J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2009, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 1369–1374.
Kyslíkováa, E., Babiak, P., Mareováa, H., Palyzováa, A., Hájíek, J., and Kyslíka, P., J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym., 2010, vol. 67, nos. 3–4, pp. 266–270.
Hamon, D.P., Massy-Westropp, R.A., and Newton, J.L., Tetrahedron, 1995, vol. 51, no. 46, pp. 12645–12660.
Federsel, H-J., Chemtech., 1993, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 24–33.
US Patent No. 002505, 1994.
Gong, P.F., Wu, H.Y., Xu, J.H., Shen, D., and Liu, Y.Y., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2002, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 728–734.
Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Qiu. Lh., Yang, F., Ye, L., and Xia, Y.J., Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2004, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 495–499.
Carvalho, P.O., Calafatti, S.A., Marassi, M., Silva, D.M., Contesini, F.J., Bizaco, R., and Macedo, G.A., Quim Nova, 2005, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 614–621.
Carvalho, P.O., Contesini, F.J., Almeida, A.P., and Macedo, G.A., Food Biotechnol., 2005, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 183–192.
Carvalho, P.O., Contesini, F.J., Bizaco, R., Calafatti, S.A., and Macedo, G.A., J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2006, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 713–718.
Damle, S.V., Patil, P.N., and Salunkhe, M.M., Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2000, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 2067–2070.
Schulz, B. and Boyle, C., Mycol. Res., 2005, vol. 109, no. 6, pp. 661–686.
Borges, K.B., Bonato, P.S., and Pupo, M.T., Quim. Nova, 2011, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1354–1357.
Borges, K.B., Borges, W.S., Pupo, M.T., and Bonato, P.S., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2007, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 669–674.
US Patent No. 0055063 A1, 2003.
US Patent No. 0022899 A1, 2003.
Hanson, R.L., Parker, W.L., Brzozowski, D.B., Tully, T.P., Liu, M., Kotnis A., and Patel, R.N., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 2005, vol. 16, no. 16, pp. 2711–2716.
Dorazil-Dudzik, M., Mika, J., Schafer, M.K., Li, Y., Obara, I., Wordliczek, J., and Przewocka, B., Anesth Analg., 2004, vol. 98, no. 6, pp. 1566–1573.
Sweitzer, S.M., Schubert, P., and DeLeo, J.A., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2001, vol. 297, no. 3, pp. 1210–1217.
Wong, J.S, Keyes, S.R, Herbst, R., Coleman, C.N., and Teicher, B.A., Oncol. Res., vol. 8, pp. 513–518.
Margolin, K., Atkins, M., Sparano, J., Sosman, J., Weiss, G., Lotze, M., et al., Clin. Cancer. Res., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 565–572.
List, A.F., Maziarz, R., Stiff, P., Jansen, J., Liesveld, J., Andrews, F., et al., Bone Marrow Transplant., 2000, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 283–291.
US Patent No. 5407815, 1995.
Pekala, E., Kochan, M., and Carnell, A.J., Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 2009, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 19–24.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The article is published in the original.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pervaiz, I., Ahmad, S., Madni, M.A. et al. Microbial biotransformation: a tool for drug designing. Appl Biochem Microbiol 49, 437–450 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0003683813050098
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0003683813050098