Abstract
This article describes the geological conditions for the formation of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts (CFCs) on the Kotzebue Guyot in the system of the Magellan Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean. It is established that the crusts are deposited on dense organogenic-clastic limestones, breccias, and volcanoclastic rocks. The crusts are three- or four-layer formations. The main ore minerals of all crust layers are Fe-vernadite, vernadite, and Mn-feroxyhyte. It is established that the content of Fe increases and that of Mn decreases from layer I-1 to layer III. For ore metal cations—Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+—no regularity in their distribution is established: in some crusts, their content decreases from layer I-1 to layer III, and in others, in contrast, it increases. The most stable contents in guyot crusts are observed for heavy metal cations: Zn2+, Mo6+, Sr2+, Cd2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+. The contents of rare-earth metal cations in layers of different crusts and in crusts as a whole are quite stable and close to each other, and their distribution does not coincide with the distribution of Fe(III). The distribution of Ce3+ cations is similar to the distribution of another ore-forming element of crusts, Mn(IV).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
REFERENCES
Yu. A. Bogdanov, A. I. Gorshkov, E. G. Gurvich, O. Yu. Bogdanova, “Iron-manganese crusts and concretions of guyots in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean,” Geokhim. No. 5, 518–531 (1998).
Guyots of the Western Pacific and their Ore Content, Ed. by Yu. G. Volokhin, M. E. Melnikov, E. L. Shkolnik, (Nauka, Moscow, 1995) [in Russian].
A. V. Dubinin, Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements in the Ocean (Nauka, Moscow, 2006) [in Russian].
Ferromanganese Crusts and Concretions of the Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean, Ed. by A. P. Lisitsyn (Nedra, Moscow) [in Russian].
Cobalt-Rich Ores of the World Ocean (All-Russian Research Inst. Oceanology, 2002) [in Russian]
M. E. Melnikov, Deposits of Cobalt-Rich Manganese Crusts (State Res. Center, Gelendzhik, 2005) [in Russian]
M. E. Melnikov, “Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts,” in World Ocean, Vol. 3. Solid Minerals and Gas Hydrates in the Ocean (Nauch. Mir, Moscow, 2018), pp. 267–322 [in Russian].
M. E. Melnikov and S. P. Pletnev, “The distribution of cerium in the accumulations of ferromanganese crusts of various ranks on the Magellan Mountains (Pacific Ocean),” Geol. Poleznye Iskopaemye Mirovogo okeana No. 1, 23–36 (2009).
M. E. Melnikov and T. E. Sedysheva, “Rare earth elements in ferromanganese crusts of the Magellan Mountains (Pacific Ocean),” in Noble, Rare, and Radioactive Elements in Ore-Forming Systems. Proceedings of All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation (Novosibirsk, 2014) (Inst. Oil-and-Gas Geol. Geophys., Siberian Div. Russ. Acad. Sci., Novosibirsk, 2014), pp. 442–449 [in Russian]. http://shakhov.igm.nsc.ru/pdf. Access: 15.12.2018.
P. E. Mikhailik, A. I. Khanchuk, E. V. Mikhailik, et al., “Anomalously high mercury content in hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts of the SET Guyot (NW Pacifica),” Geol. Geofiz. 59, 275–285 (2018).
G. V. Novikov, M. E. Melnikov, O. Yu. Bogdanova, and I. V. Vikentyev, “The nature of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts of the Magellanic mountains of the Pacific Ocean. Report 1. Geology, mineralogy, geochemistry,” Litolog. Poleznye Iskopaemye No. 1, 3—25 (2014).
G. V. Novikov, T. E. Sedysheva, L. I. Lobkovsky, et al., “Ore content of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts of the Govorov guyot of the Magellanic Mountains of the Pacific Ocean,” Dokl. Ross. Akad. Nauk Nauki o Zemle 499, 88–94 (2021).
A. C. Aplin and D. S. Cronan, “Ferromanganese oxide deposits from the Central Pacific Ocean. I. Encrustations from the Line Island Archipelago,” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 427–436 (1985).
M. Bau, A. Koschinsky, P. Dulski, and J. R. Hein, “Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater,” Geochem. Cosmochem. Acta 60, 1709–1725 (1996).
E. H. De Carlo and G. M. McMurtry, “Rare-earth element geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Hawaiian Archipelago, central Pacific,” Chem. Geol. 95, 235–250 (1992).https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90014-V
J. R. Hein, A. Koschinsky, M. Bau, et al., “Cobalt-Rich Ferromanaganese Crusts in the Pacific,” in Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits, Ed. by D. S. Cronan (Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2000).
J. R. Hein, K. Mizell, A. Koschinsky, and T. A. Conrad, “Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: comparison with land-based resources,” Ore Geol. Rev. 51, 1–14 (2013).
R. A. Koski, “Ferromanganese deposits from the Gulf of Alaska Seamount Province. Mineralogy, chemistry and origin,” Can. J. Earth Sci. 25, 116–133 (1988).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Novikov, G.V., Sedysheva, T.E., Bogdanova, O.Y. et al. Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts of the Kotzebue Guyot of the Magellan Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean: Conditions of Occurrence, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry. Oceanology 62, 879–889 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437022050162
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437022050162