Abstract—
The subject of research is dynamic slips on large faults initiated by man-made impacts. In addition to recognized types of man-made impacts such as fluid injection or seismic vibrations, the possible trigger effect of rock extraction and displacement during mining operations is considered. It is shown that dynamic sliding can be initiated only on faults in which three geomechanical conditions for the occurrence of instability are fulfilled: closeness of the value of Coulomb stresses in the fault plane to the local ultimate tensile strength; the condition of weakening of frictional contact with an increasing sliding velocity and relative movement of fault sides; and the implementation of a certain ratio between the stiffness of the enclosing massif and the rate of reduction of resistance to friction. Features of formation of a dynamic slip on a fault are considered in the series of laboratory and numerical experiments. It is shown that the movement always begins in the segment with the property of velocity weakening, regardless of the location of such a segment relative to the load application. According to the calculations, the excavation of rock in a large mining quarry leads to a change of about 1 MPa in the Coulomb stresses in the fault plane in areas that significantly exceed the size of the nucleation zone of earthquakes with \(M \leqslant 6\). This may turn out to be sufficient to initiate seismogenic slips on stressed faults.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Adushkin, V.V., Tectonic earthquakes of anthropogenic origin, Izv.,Phys. Solid Earth, 2016, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 173–194.
Adushkin, V.V., Development of technogenic–tectonic seismicity in Kuzbass, Geol. Geofiz., 2018, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 709-724.
Adushkin, V.V. and Turuntaev, S.B., Tekhnogennaya seismichnost' – indutsirovannaya i triggernaya (Technogenic Seismicity: Induced and Triggered), Moscow: IDG RAN, 2015.
Adushkin, V.V., Kocharyan, G.G., Pavlov, D.V., Vinogradov, E.A., Goncharov, A.I., Kulikov, V.I., Kulyukin, A.A., Influence of seismic vibrations on the development of tectonic deformations, Dokl. Earth Sci., 2009, vol. 426, no. 1, pp. 588–590.
Arkhipov, V.N., Borisov, V.A., Budkov, A.M., Val’ko, V.V., Galiev, A.M., Goncharova, O.P., Zaikov, I.M., Zamyshlyaev, B.V., Knestyapin, A.M., Korolev, V.S., Kuzovlev, V.D., Makarov, V.E., Seliverstov, I.Yu., Semenov, G.I., Smaznov, V.V., Smirnov, E.I., and Ushakov, O.N., Mekhanicheskoe deistvie yadernogo vzryva (Mechanical Action of Nuclear Explosion), Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2003.
Batukhtin, I.V., Pavlov, D.V., Markov, V.K., and Varypaev, A.V., The effect of spatial heterogeneity of a fracture filler on the initiation of seismogenic fracture: Laboratory experiment, Dinamicheskie protsessy v geosferakh: Sb. nauch. tr. IDG RAN (Dynamical Processes in Geospheres: Collection of Scientific Works of IDG RAS), Moscow: Grafiteks, 2018, pp.117–124.
Bolt, B.A., Horn, W.L., Macdonald, G.A., and Scott, R.F., Geological Hazards, Springer, 1975, Moscow: Mir, 1978.
Das, S. and Scholz, C.H., Off-fault aftershock clusters caused by shear stress increase, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 1983, vol. 71, pp. 1669–1675.
Dieterich, J.H., Modeling of rock friction: experimental results and constitutive equations, J. Geophys. Res., 1979, vol. 84, pp. 2161–2168.
Djadkov, P.G., Induced seismicity at the Lake Baikal: Principal role of load rate, Abstracts of the 29th General Assembly of the IASP of the Earth’s Interior, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1997, p. 359.
Ellsworth, W.L. and Beroza, G.C., Seismic evidence for an earthquake nucleation phase, Science, 1995, vol. 268, pp. 851–855. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.268.5212.851
Ellsworth, W.L., Injection-induced earthquakes, Science, 2013, vol. 341, no. 6142. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225942
Foulger, G.R., Wilson, M.P., Gluyas, J.G., Julian, B.R., and Davies, R.J., Global review of human-induced earthquakes, Earth Sci. Rev., 2018, vol. 178, pp. 438–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.008
Goncharov, A.I., Kulikov, V.I., and Martinson, N.M., On seismic action of mass explosions at KMA carriers, Gorn. Inf.-Anal. Byull. (Naucho-Tekh. Zh.), 2002. no. 1, pp. 162–164.
Goncharov, A.I., Kulikov, V.I., Mineev, V.I., and Sedochenko, V.V., Seismic action of mass explosions in underground and open operations, Dinamicheskie protsessy vo vzaimodeistvuyushchikh geosferakh: Sb. nauch. tr. IDG RAN (Dynamical Processes in Interacting Geospheres: Collection of Scientific Works of IDG RAS), Moscow: GEOS, 2006, pp. 22–33.
Guglielmi, Y., Cappa, F., Avouac, J.-P., Henry, P., and Elsworth, D., Seismicity triggered by fluid injection-induced aseismic slip, Science, 2015, vol. 348, pp. 1224–1226. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab0476
Hill, D.P. and Prejean, S.G., Dynamic triggering, Geophysical Treatise, Earthquake Seismology, Kanamori, H., Ed., Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007.
Ide, S. and Takeo, M., Determination of constitutive relations of fault slip based on seismic wave analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 1997, vol. 102, pp. 27379–27391. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB02675
King, G.C.P., Stein, R.S., and Lin, J., Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 1994, vol. 84, pp. 935–953.
Kishkina, S.B., Parameters of the seismic effect of mass short-delay explosions, Vestn. NYaTs RK, 2004, no. 2, pp. 171–178.
Kissin, I.G., Flyuidy v zemnoi kore: Geofizicheskie i tektonicheskie aspekty (Fluids in the Earth’s Crust: Geophysical and Tectonic Aspects), Moscow: Nauka, 2015.
Kocharyan, G.G., Geomekhanika razlomov (Geomechanics of Faults), Moscow: GEOS, 2016.
Kocharyan, G.G. and Fedorov, A.E., Specific features of mechanics of the seismic process in a block geophysical medium, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1990, vol. 315, no. 6, pp. 1345–1349.
Kocharyan, G.G. and Ostapchuk, A.A., Influence of the viscosity of thin films on regularities of friction interaction of rock blocks, Dokl. Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2015, vol. 463, no. 3, pp. 343–346.
Kocharyan, G.G. and Rodionov, V.N., On the nature of tectonic forces, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1988, vol. 302, no. 2, pp. 304–305.
Kocharyan, G.G., Kulyukin, A.A., Markov, V.K., Markov, D.V., and Pavlov, D.V., Small perturbations and stress–deformation state of the Earth’s crust, Fiz. Mezomekh., 2005, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 23–36.
Kocharyan, G.G., Ostapchuk, A.A., and Pavlov, D.V., The regime of fault zone deformation and initiating potential of seismic oscillations, Triggernye effekty v geosistemakh: Materialy Vtorogo Vseros. seminara-soveshchaniya (Trigger Effects in Geosystems: Proceedings of the Second All-Russian Seminar and Meeting), Adushkin, V.V. and Kocharyan, G.G., Eds., Moscow: GEOS, 2013, pp. 34–45.
Kocharyan, G.G., Ostapchuk, A.A., and Martynov, V.S., Measurement of the fault deformation regime from fluid injection, Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 2017a, no. 2, pp. 20–28.
Kocharyan, G.G., Novikov, V.A., Ostapchuk, A.A., and Pavlov, D.V., A study of different fault slip modes governed by the gouge material composition in laboratory experiments, Geophys. Int. J., 2017b, vol. 208, pp. 521–528. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw409
Korotkin, V.G., Volume problem for elastically isotropic space, Sb. Gidroenergoproekta, 1938. no. 4.
Kuz’min, Yu.O., Modern super-intensive surface deformations in platform fault zones, Geologicheskoe izuchenie i ispol’zovanie nedr (Geological Investigation and Exploration of Mineral Resources), Moscow: Geoinformmark, 1996, vol. 4, pp. 43–53.
Kuz’min, Yu.O., Modern geodynamics of fault zones: Real-time fault formation, Geodin. Tektonofiz., 2014, no. 5, pp. 401–443. https://doi.org/10.5800/GT-2014-5-2-0135
Kuz’min, Yu.O. and Zhukov, V.S., Sovremennaya geodinamika i variatsii fizicheskikh svoistv gornykh porod (Modern Geodynamics and Variations of Physical Properties of Rocks), Moscow: Gorn. kn., 2012.
Leonov, Yu.G., Lithospheric stress and inner-plate tectonics, Geotektonika, 1995, no. 6, pp. 3–21.
Lovchikov, A.V., Strong mountain-tectonic strikes and technogenic earthquakes on Russian minery, Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 2013, no. 4, pp. 68–73.
Love, A., A Treatise on Mathematical Theory of Elasticity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1892; Moscow–Leningrad, ONTI, 1935.
Melosh, H.J., Acoustic fluidization: a new geologic process?, J. Geophys. Res., 1979, vol. 84, pp. 7513–7520.
Nur, A., Mavko, G., Dvorkin, J., and Galmudi, D., Critical porosity: A key to relating physical properties to porosity in rocks, Leading Edge, 1998, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1437977
Papageorgiou, A.S. and Aki, K., A specific barrier model for the quantitative description of inhomogeneous faulting and the prediction of strong ground motion. Pt. II. Applications of the model, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 1983, vol. 73, pp. 953–978.
Peng, Z. and Gomberg, J., An integrated perspective of the continuum between earthquakes and slow-slip phenomena, Nature Geosci., 2010, vol. 3, pp. 599–607. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo940
Rice, J.R., Fault stress states, pore pressure distributions, and the weakness of the San Andreas fault, Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks: A Festschrift in Honor of W.F. Brace, Evans, B. and Wong, T.-F., Eds., London: Academic, 1992, pp. 475–504.
Rodionov, V.N., Sizov, I.A., and Tsvetkov, V.M., Osnovy geomekhaniki (Fundamentals of Geomechanics), Moscow: Nedra, 1986.
Ruzhich, V.V., Medvedev, V.Ya., and Ivanova, L.A., Curing seismogenic faults and recurrence of earthquakes, Seismichnost’ Baikal’skogo rifta. Prognosticheskie aspekty: Sb. nauch. tr. (Seismicity of the Baikal Rift: Prognostic Aspects (Collection of Scientific Works)), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1990, pp. 44–50.
Scholz, C.H., Earthquakes and friction laws, Nature, 1998, vol. 391, pp. 37–42. https://doi.org/. https://doi.org/10.1038/34097.
Scholz, C.H., The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002.
Seismichnost’ pri gornykh rabotakh (Seismicity in Mining Operations), Mel’nikov, N.N., Ed., Apatity: KNTs RAN, 2002.
Sobolev, G.A. and Ponomarev, A.V., Dynamics of fluid-triggered fracturing in the models of a geological medium, Izv.,Phys. Solid Earth, 2011, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 902–918.
Sobolev, G.A., Kol’tsov, A.V., and Andreev, V.O., Trigger effect of oscillations in the earthquake model, Dokl. Ross. Akad. Nauk, 1991, vol. 319, pp. 337–341.
Sobolev, G.A., Ponomarev, A.V., Maibuk, Yu.Ya., Zakrzhevskaya, N.A., Ponyatovskaya, V.I., Sobolev, D.G., Khromov, A.A., and Tsyvinskaya, Yu.V., The Dynamics of the acoustic emission with water initiation, Izv.,Phys. Solid Earth, 2010, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 136–153.
Sobolev, G.A., Zakrzhevskaya, N.A., and Sobolev, D.G., Triggering of repeated earthquakes, Izv.,Phys. Solid Earth, 2016, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 155–172.
Stec, K., Characteristics of seismic activity of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland, Geophys. J. Int., 2007, vol. 168, pp. 757–768. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03227.x
Townend, J. and Zoback, M.D., How faulting keeps the crust strong, Geology, 2000, vol. 28, pp. 399–402. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0399:HFKTCS>2.3.CO
Trifonov, V.G., Neotektonika podvizhnykh poyasov (Neotectonics of Mobile Belts), Moscow: GEOS, 2017.
Zoback, M.D. and Zoback, M.L., State of stress in the Earth’s lithosphere, International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, Part A, Lee, W.H., Kanamori, H., Jennings, P.C., and Kisslinger, C., Eds., Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2002, pp. 559–568.
Funding
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 16-17-00095). The research was carried out under the state task for projects nos. 0146-2019-0001 and 0146-2019-0006.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Translated by L. Mukhortova
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kocharyan, G.G., Batuhtin, I.V., Budkov, A.M. et al. On the Initiation of Dynamic Slips on Faults by Man-Made Impacts. Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 55, 1559–1571 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433819100049
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433819100049