Abstract—
The sedimentary stratum of the oceanic crust with a thickness of up to 3 kilometers and younger than the Jurassic age deposits of organic matter (OM) sediments, is saturated with O2 absorbed and dissolved in the ocean with binding energy in the range of 5–15 kJ/mol. During subduction of the oceanic crust into the mantle with T = 170–500°C, fluids of O2, H2O, CO2 are released and are subsequently filtered to the surface of the suprasubduction roof. The fluid O2 oxidizes the matters of the sedimentary cover, the mantle and the roof with O2 energy release of 14.97 kJ/kg. This results in the formation of a magma chamber. The melts of the chamber are divided with respect to density and composition into light-acidic enriched in SiO2 and compact—basic enriched in Са, Мg, K. The discharged acidic melts form a crust of a continental type. Energy saturation of the magma chamber is increased by exogenic energy of OM pyrolysis. At depths of subduction at T = 500–1200°C, OM undergoes deep metamorphism with the release of oil and gas fluids which form a planetary system of hydrocarbons. The continental crust and the hydrocarbon system are formed in many respects due to the biosphere conversion of solar energy, oxygen, and OM to the composition of the Earth’s outer shells.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Baryshev, A.N. and Khachatryan, G.K., Influence of the tectonic stress field on the diamond growth mechanism and crystalline structure in relation to the general dynamics and diamond formation, Otechestvennaya Geol., 2015, no. 1, pp. 4–53.
Dobretsov, N.L., Global geodynamic evolution of the Earth and global geodynamic models, Russ. Geol. Geophys., 2010, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 592–610.
Dobretsov, N.L. and Kirdyashkin, A.G., Assessment of global processes of matter exchange between terrestrial shells: Comparison of actual geological and theoretical data, Geol. Geofiz., 1998, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 1269–1279.
Fotosintez i bioproduktivnost': Metody opredeleniya (Photosynthesis and Bioproductivity: Determination Methods), Mokronosov, A.T., Ed., Moscow: VO Agropromizdat, 1989.
Gatinsky, Yu.G., Rundkvist, D.V., Tyupkin, Yu.S., Block structures and kinematics of Eastern and Central Asia from GPS data, Geotectonics, 2005, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 333–348.
Khachatryan, G.K., Nitrogen and hydrogen in diamond crystals in terms of geological–genetic and prognostic–prospecting problems of diamond deposits, Otechestvennaya Geol., 2013, no. 2, pp. 29–42.
Korzh, V.D., Geokhimiya elementnogo sostava gidrosfery (Geochemistry of the Elemental Composition of the Hydrosphere), Moscow: Nauka, 1991.
Kovalenko, V.I., Naumov, V.B., Yarmolyuk, V.V., and Dorofeeva, V.A., Volatile components (H2O, CO2, Cl, F, and S) in magmas of intermediate and acid compositions from distinct geodynamic settings: Evidence from melt inclusions and chill glasses, Petrology, 2000, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 525–556.
Kovalenko, V.I., Naumov, V.B., Girnis, A.V., Dorofeeva, V.A., and Yarmolyuk, V.V., Average composition of basic magmas and mantle sources of island arcs and active continental margins estimated from the data on melt inclusions and quenched glasses of rocks, Petrology, 2010, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1–26.
Kuz’min, M.I., Korol’kov, A.T., Dril’, S.I., and Kovalenko, S.N., Istoricheskaya geologiya s osnovami tektoniki plit i metallogenii (Historical Geology with Basics of Plate Tectonics and Metallogeny), Irkutsk: Irkutskii gos. univ., 2000.
Laverov, N.P., Dobretsov, N.L., and Bogatikov, O.A., Noveishii sovremennyi vulkanizm na territorii Rossii (Recent Modern Volcanism on the Territory of Russia), Moscow: Nauka, 2005.
Levin, L.E., Structure of the thermal lithosphere and asthenosphere beneath oceans and continents, Geotectonics, 2006, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 357–366.
Mendeleev, D.I., Oil industry in the North-American state of Pennsylvania and in the Caucasus, Sochineniya (Works), vol. 10, Moscow: AN SSSR, 1949.
Nigmatulin, R.I., The ocean: Climate, resources, and natural disasters, Herald Russ. Acad. Sci., 2010, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 338–349.
Polevoi, V.V., Fiziologiya rastenii: Uchebnik dlya biol. spets. vuzov (Plant Physiology: A Textbook for University Students Specializing in Life Sciences), Moscow: Vysshaya shkola, 1989.
Pushcharovsky, Yu.M., Tectonic types of the Pacific abyssal basins, Geotectonics, 2006, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 345–356.
Rozanov, A.G., When did life appear on the Earth, Herald Russ. Acad. Sci., 2010, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 305–312.
Ruban, D.A., Overview of some global and regional paleotectonic reconstructions published in 2001–2004, Geotectonics, 2006, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 405–407.
Shapiro, M.N., Kinematics of the Campanian–Maastrichtian island arcs in northeastern Asia in light of drilling results on the emperor seamounts, Geotectonics, 2005, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 408–415.
Vernadskii, V.I., Biosphere, Izbrannye sochineniya (Biosphere, Selected Works), Moscow: AN SSSR, 1960, vol. 5, pp. 7–102.
Vlasov, G.M., The Pacific Ocean: The results of deep-water drilling and plate tectonics, some geological problems, Tikhookeanskaya Geol., 1994, no. 5, pp. 3–16.
Yarmolyuk, V.V., Kovalenko, V.I., and Naumov, V.B., Geodynamics, flows of volatile components, and their exchange between the mantle and the Earth’s upper shells, Geotectonics, 2005, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 39–55.
Zavarzin, G.A., The evolvement of the biosphere, Herald Russ. Acad. Sci., 2001, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 611–622.
Zharkov, V.N., Vnutrennee stroenie Zemli i planet (The Inner Structure of the Earth and Planets), Moscow: Nauka, 1983.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy N.S. Ostapenko for valuable comments and suggestions that allowed us to improve this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Translated by L. Mukhortova
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Savchenko, I.F., Girenko, I.V., Rimkevich, V.S. et al. Biosphere Conversion of Substances and Energy in the Formation of Continents. Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 55, 687–694 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433819070065
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433819070065