Abstract
Variations in hydrophysical parameters in the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic are studied on the basis of numerical simulation with the use of an ocean circulation model (including ice formation and drift). The main circulation and ice-drift modes have been ascertained depending on atmospheric cycles. The possibilities of the parameterization of intermediate and deep water formation in numerical models of polar ocean dynamics are considered. The effect of the interannual variability of the discharge of Siberian rivers on the distribution and propagation of fresh water in this region are estimated from numerical experiments. The simulation results of the propagation of the dissolved methane from Siberian rivers are presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. P. Kalinin and I. A. Shiklomanov, “The Use of Water Resources of the Earth,” in The World Water Balance and Water Resources of the Earth (Gidrometizdat, Leningrad, 1974), pp. 575–606 [in Russian].
B. J. Peterson, R. M. Holmes, J. W. McClelland, et al., “Increasing River Discharge to the Arctic Ocean,” Science 298(5601), 2171–2173 (2002).
M. C. Serreze, A. P. Barrett, A. G. Slater, et al., “The Large-Scale Freshwater Cycle of the Arctic,” J. Geophys. Res. 111, 19 (2006). Doi: 10.1029/2005Jc003424
K. A. Kvenvolden, “Methane Hydrates and Global Climate,” Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2(3), 221–229 (1988).
IPCC. Third assessment report: climate change 2001 (Cambridge).
N. E. Shakhova, V. I. Sergienko, and I. P. Semiletov, “Dissolved Methane in Shelf Waters of Arctic Seas,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk 402(4) (2005).
N. E. Shakhova, I. P. Semiletov, and N. N. Bel’cheva, “The Great Siberian Rivers as Methane Sources on the Arctic Shelf,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk 414(5) (2007).
A. D. McGuire, L. G. Anderson, T. R. Christensen, et al., “Sensitivity of the Carbon Cycle in the Arctic To Climate Change,” Ecolog. Monogr 79(4), 523–555 (2009).
E. Damm, A. Mackensen, G. Budeus, et al., “Pathways of Methane in Seawater: Plume Spreading in An Arctic Shelf Environment (SW-Spitsbergen),” Continental Shelf Res 25 (2005). Doi: 10.1016/J.Csr.2005.03.003
A. S. Sarkisyan, Fundamentals of the Theory and Calculation of Ocean Currents(Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1966) [in Russian].
A. S. Sarkisyan and J. Sundermann, Modelling Ocean Climate Variability (Springer, New York, 2009).
V. I. Kuzin, The Finite Element Method in Modeling of Oceanic Processes (VTs SO RAN, Novosibirsk, 1985) [in Russian].
V. I. Kuzin, E. N. Golubeva, and G. A. Platov, “Modeling of Hydrophysical Characteristics of the Arctic Ocean-North Atlantic System,” in Fundamental Studies of Oceans and Seas, Ed. by N. P. Laverov (Nauka, Moscow, 2006), vol. 1, pp. 166–190. [in Russian].
E. N. Golubeva and G. A. Platov, “On Improving the Simulation of Atlantic Water Circulation in the Arctic Ocean,” J. Geophys. Res. 112, 05 (2007). Doi: 10.1029/2006Jc003734
E. N. Golubeva, “Numerical Modeling of the Atlantic Water Dynamics in the Arctic Basin Using the QUICKEST Scheme,” Vych. Tekhnol. 13(5), 11–24 (2008).
W. D. Hibler, “A Dynamic Thermodynamic Sea Ice Model,” J. Phys. Oceanography 9(4), 815–846 (1979).
E. C. Hunke and J. K. Dukowicz, “An Elastic-Viscous-Plastic Model for Ice Dynamics,” J. Phys. Oceanography 27(9), 1849–1867 (1997).
C. M. Bitz and W. H. Lipscomb, “An Energy-Conserving Thermodynamic Model of Sea Ice,” J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999). Doi: 10.1029/1999Jc900100
V. B. Zalesny, G. I. Marchuk, V. I. Agoshkov, et al., “Numerical Simulation of Large-Scale Ocean Circulation Based on the Multicomponent Splitting Method,” Russ. J. Numer. Anal. Math. Modelling 25(6), 581–609 (2010).
G. I. Marchuk, Splitting Methods (Nauka, Moscow, 1988).
A. Proshutinsky, R. Gerdes, D. Holland, et al., “AOMIP: Coordinated Activities to Improve Models and Model Predictions,” Clivar Newsletter “Exchanges” 44 13(1), 17–18, 23–27 (2008). http://www.clivar.org/publications/exchanges/exchanges.php
E. Kalnay, M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, et al., “The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project,” Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 77 (1996).
W. G. Large and S. G. Yeager, “Diurnal to Decadal Global Forcing for Ocean and Sea-Ice Models: The Data Sets and Flux Climatologies,” Technical Report TN-460+STR NCAR (2004).
R. Kwok and D. A. Rothrock, “Decline in Arctic Sea Ice Thickness from Submarine and ICES at Records: 1958–2008,” Geophys. Rev. Lett. 36, L15501 (2009). Doi: 10.1029/2009Gl039035.
J. Stroeve, M. M. Holland, W. Meier, et al., “Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Faster Than Forecast,” Geophys. Rev. Lett. 34, L09501 (2007). Doi: 10.1029/2007Gl029703.
C. L. Parkinson and D. J. Cavalieri, “A 21-Year Record of Arctic Sea Ice Extents and Their Regional, Seasonal and Monthly Variability and Trends,” Ann. Claciol. 34, 441–446 (2002). Doi: 10.3189/172756402781817725.
J. Zhang and M. Steele, “The Effect of Vertical Mixing on the Atlantic Layer Circulation in the Arctic Ocean,” J. Geophys. Res. 112, 04 (2007). Doi: 10.1029/2006Jc003732.
T. Martin and R. Gerdes, “Sea Ice Drift Variability in Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project Models and Observations,” J. Geophys. Res. 112, 10 (2007). Doi: 10.1029/2006Jc003617.
M. Johnson, S. Gaffigan, E. Hunke, et al., “A Comparison of Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Concentration among the Coordinated AOMIP Model Experiments,” J. Geophys. Res. 112, 11 (2007). Doi: 10.1029/2006Jc003690.
Z. M. Gudkovich, “The Basic Patterns of Ice Drift in the Central Arctic Basin,” in Proc. Conf. “Interaction of Atmosphere and Hydrosphere in the North Atlantic Ocean” (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1961), Parts 3–4, pp. 75–78.
D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace, “The Arctic Oscillation Signature in the Wintertime Geopotential Height and Temperature Fields,” Geophys. Rev. Lett. 25(9), 1297–1300 (1998). Doi: 10.1029/98Gl00950.
C. Fowler, Polar Pathfinder Daily 25 Km Ease-Grid Sea Ice Motion Vectors (National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, 2008).
S. Laxon, N. Peacock, and D. Smith, “High Interannual Variability of Sea Ice Thickness in the Arctic Region,” Nature 425 (2003). www.nature.com/nature.
K. Aagaard and E. C. Carmack, “The Role of Sea Ice and Other Fresh Water in the Arctic Circulation,” J. Geophys. Res. 94(1), 14485–14498 (1989).
S. E. Wijffels, R. W. Schmitt, H. L. Bryden, et al., “Transport of Freshwater by the Oceans,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22(2), 155–162 (1992).
H. Goosse, J.-M. Campin, T. Fichefet, et al., “Sensitivity of a Global Ice-Ocean Model to the Bering Strait Through Flow,” Clim. Dynam. 13 (1997).
K. Shimada, F. McLaughlin, E. Carmack, et al., “Penetration of the 1990s Warm Temperature Anomaly of Atlantic Water in the Canada Basin,” Geophys. Rev. Lett. 31, L20301 (2004). Doi: 10.1029/2004Gl020860.
M. Steele, J. Morison, W. Ermold, et al., “Circulation of Summer Pacific Halocline Water in the Arctic Ocean,” J. Geophys. Res. 109, C02027 (2004). Doi: 02010.01029/02003Jc002009.
F. A. McLaughlin, E. C. Carmack, R. W. Macdonald, et al., “Physical and Geochemical Properties across the Atlantic/Pacific Water Mass Front in the Southern Canadian Basin,” J. Geophys. Res. 101(C1), 1183–1197 (1996).
Y. Aksenov, B. de Cuevad, R. Gerbes, et al., “Arctic Pathways of the Pacific Water: the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Experiments,” Geophys. Res. Abstracts 13, EGU2011–10598 (2011).
V. T. Timofeev, Water Masses of the Arctic Basin (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1960) [in Russian].
A. F. Treshnikov and G. I. Baranov, Circulation of the Arctic Basin (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1972) [in Russian].
E. G. Nikifirov and A. O. Shpaikher, Patterns of Formation of Large-Scale Fluctuations of the Hydrological Regime in the Arctic Ocean (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1980) [In Russian].
L. K. Coachman, “Physical Oceanography in the Arctic Ocean,” Arctic 15(3), 214–224 (1969).
K. Aagaard, “Inflow from the Atlantic Ocean in the Polar Basin,” in The Arctic Ocean. The Hydrographic Environment and Fate of Pollutant, Ed. by L. Rey (Unwin Brothers Ltd., London, 1982), pp. 69–81.
B. Rudels, E. P. Jones, L. G. Anderson, et al., “On the Intermediate Depth Water of the Arctic Ocean,” in The Polar Oceans and Their Role in the Shaping the Global Environment: The Nansen Centennial Volume, Ed. by O. M. Johannessen, R. D. Muench, and J. E. Overland, Geophysical Monograph 85 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 33–46.
M. Karcher, R. Gerdes, F. Kauker, et al., “Arctic Warming-Evolution and Spreading of the 1990s Warm Event in the Nordic Seas and in the Arctic Ocean,” J. Geophys. Res. 108(C2) (2003). Doi: 10.1029/2001Jc002624.
N. G. Yakovlev, “Coupled Model of Ocean General Circulation and Sea Ice Evolution in the Arctic Ocean,” Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 39(3), 355–368 (2003).
L. Nazarenko, G. Holloway, and N. Tausnev, “Dynamics of Transport of “Atlantic Signature” in the Arctic Ocean,” J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998).
G. V. Alekseev, L. V. Bulatov, V. F. Zakharov, et al., “Thermal Expansion of Atlantic Waters in the Arctic Basin,” Meteorol. Gidrol., no. 7, 69–78 (1998).
I. V. Polyakov, A. Beszczynska, E. C. Carmack, et al., “One More Step Toward a Warmer Arctic,” Geophys. Rev. Lett. 32, L17605 (2005). Doi: 10.1029/2005Gl023740.
E. N. Golubeva and G. A. Platov, “Numerical Modeling of the Arctic Ocean Ice System Response to Variations in the Atmospheric Circulation from 1948 to 2007,” Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 45(1), 137–152 (2009).
N. G. Yakovlev, “Modeling of Climate of the Ocean and Sea Ice of the Arctic Ocean using the FEMAO Finite Element Model: On the Problem of Understanding the Role of Various Physical Processes in the Formation of the Observed States and Their Reproduction in the Global Climate Models,” Probl. Arkt. Antarkt. 1(78), 17–26 (2008).
G. Holloway and A. Proshutinsky, “Role of Tides in Arctic Ocean/Ice Climate,” J. Geophys. Res. 112, 06 (2007). Doi: 10.1029/2006Jc003643.
A. Y. Proshutinsky and M. Johnson, “Two Circulation Regimes of the Wind-Driven Arctic Ocean,” J. Geophys. Res. 102(C6), 12493–12504 (1997).
W. S. Broecker, “The Great Ocean Conveyor,” Oceanography 4(2), 79–89 (1991).
K. Aagaard, L. K. Coachman, and E. Carmack, “On the Halocline of Arctic Ocean,” Deep-Sea Res. 28A(6), 529–545 (1981).
G. Björk, “A One-Dimensional Time-Dependant Model for the Vertical Stratification of the Upper Arctic Ocean,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19(1), 52–67 (1989).
G. Björk, “The Vertical Distribution of Nutrients and Oxygen 18 in the Upper Arctic Ocean,” J. Geophys. Res. 95(C9), 16025–16036 (1990).
M. Steele, J. M. Morison, and T. B. Curtin, “Halocline Water Formation in the Barents Sea,” J. Geophys. Res. 100(C1), 881–894 (1995).
E. P. Jones, B. Rudels, and L. G. Anderson, “Deep Water of the Arctic Ocean: Origin and Circulation,” Deep-Sea Res. 42(5), 737–760 (1995).
D. J. Cavalieri and S. Martin, “The Contribution of Alaskan, Siberian and Canadian Coastal Polynyas to the Cold Halocline Layer of the Arctic Ocean,” J. Geophys. Res. 99(C9), 18343–18362 (1994).
B. Rudels, L. G. Anderson, and E. P. Jones, “Formation and Evolution of the Surface Mixed Layer and Halocline of the Arctic Ocean,” J. Geophys. Res. 101(C4), 8807–8821 (1996).
C. H. Pease and S. A. Salo, “Sea Ice Drift Near Bering Strait during 1982,” J. Geophys. Res. 92(C7), 6006–6018 (1987).
W. Schneider and G. Budeus, “On the Generation of the Northeast Water Polynya,” J. Geophys. Res. 100(C3), 6006–6018 (1995).
L. Midttun, “Formation of Dense Bottom Water in the Barents Sea,” Deep-Sea Res. 32A(10), 1233–1241 (1985).
J. Blindheim, “Cascading of Barents Sea Bottom Water into the Norwegian Sea, Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer. 188, 49–58 (1989).
M. Winton, R. W. Hallberg, and A. Gnanadesikan, “Simulation of Density Driven Frictional Down Slope Flow in Z-Coordinate Ocean Models,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 28(11), 2163–2174 (1998).
A. Gill, Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics (Academic, New York, 1982).
A. Beckmann and R. Doscher, “A Method for Improved Representation of Dense Water Spreading Over Topography in Geopotential-Coordinate Models,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27(4), 581–591 (1997).
J.-M. Campin and H. Goosse, “Parameterization of Density-Driven Downsloping Flow for a Coarse-Resolution Ocean Model in Z-Coordinate,” Tellus 51A(3), 412–430 (1999).
D.-P. Wang, “Mutual Intrusion of a Gravity Current and Density Front Formation,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 14(7), 1191–1199 (1984).
P. D. Killworth and N. Edwards, “A Turbulent Bottom Boundary Layer Code for Use in Numerical Ocean Models,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 1221–1238 (1999).
V. V. Ivanov, “Water Balance and Water Resources in the Arctic Region,” Trudy AANII 323, 4–24 (1976).
I. A. Shiklomanov, A. I. Shiklomanov, R. B. Lamers, et al., “The Dynamics of River Water Inflow to the Arctic Ocean,” in Proc. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean (NATO, Tallin, Estonia, 2000), pp. 281–296.
Atlas of the World Ocean, Ed. by S. G.. Gorshkov (Pergamon, New York, 1983).
Atlas of the Arctic, Ed. by A. F.. Treshnikov (AANII, Moscow, 1985) [in Russian].
D. J. Hanzlik and K. Agaard, “Fresh and Atlantic Water in the Kara Sea,” J. Geophys. Res. 85(C9), 4937–4942 (1980).
R. W. McDonald, C. S. Wong, and P. E. Erickson, “The Distribution of Nutrience in the Southeastern Beaufort Sea: Implications for Water Circulation and Primary Production,” J. Geophys. Res. 92(C3), 2939–2952 (1987).
S. S. Lappo, “On the Problem of Heat Advection to the North Across the Equator in the Atlantic Ocean,” in The Study of Interaction of the Ocean and the Atmosphere (Gidrometeoizdat, Moscow, 1984), pp. 125–129 [in Russian].
W. S. Broecker, “Thermohaline Circulation, the Achilles Heel of Our Climate System: Will Man-Made CO2 Upset the Current Balance?,” Science 278(5343), 1582–1588 (1997).
R. R. Dickson, J. Meincke, S. -A. Malmberg, et al., “The ‘Great Salinity Anomaly’ in the Northern North Atlantic 1968–1982,” Progr. Oceanogr. 20, 103–151 (1988).
R. A. Woodgate, K. Agaard, R. D. Muench, et al., “The Arctic Ocean Boundary Current along the Eurasian Slope and the Adjacent Lomonosov Ridge: Water Mass Properties, Transports and Transformations from Moored Instruments,” Deep Sea Res. I 48, 1757–1792 (2001).
R. A. Woodgate, K. Aagaard, and T. Weingartner, “Intrannual Changes in the Bering Strait Fluxes of Volume, Heat, and Freshwater between 1991 and 2004,” Geophys. Rev. Lett. 33, L15609 (2006). Doi: 1029/2006Gl026931
E. Linacre and B. Geerts, The Arctic: the Ocean, Sea Ice, Icebergs, and Climate (1998). http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap17/arctic.html.
J. D. Milliman and R. H. Meade, “World Wide of River Delivery Sediment to the Oceans,” J. Geol. 91(1), 1–21 (1983).
C. L. Parkinson, J. C. Comiso, H. J. Zwally, et al., Arctic Sea Ice, 1973–1976: Satellite Passive-Microwave Observations (NASA, D. C, Washington, DC, 1987).
A. Dai and K. Trenberth, “Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations,” J. Hydrometeor, no. 3, 660–687 (2002).
The State Water Cadastre. Long-Term Data on the Status and Resources of Surface Waters, (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1984), vol. 1, nos. 10, 12, 16 [in Russian].
The State Water Cadastre, Ver. 1: Surface Water, Ser. 2: Annual Data on the Regimen and Resources of Surface Waters in 1981–1990 Parts 1, 2, vol. 1 (Novosibirsk. TsGMS-RSMTs, Novosibirsk), no. 12; (Krasnoyarsk. TsGMS-R, Krasnoyarsk), no. 16 (1981–1990) [in Russian].
J. E. Walsh, “Global Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Relationships to Arctic Freshwater Fluxes,” in The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean, Ed. by E. L. Lewis et al., (Kluwer, Norwell, MA, 2000), pp. 21–41.
D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace, “Annular Modes in Extratropical Circulation. Pt I: Month-to-Month Variability,” J. Clim. 13(5), 1000–1016 (2000).
D. W. J. Thompson, J. M. Wallace, and G. C. Hegerl, “Annular Modes in Extratropical Circulation. Pt II: Trends,” J. Clim. 13(5), 1018–1036 (2000).
D. Yang, D. L. Kane, L. D. Hinzman, et al., “Siberian Lena River Hydrologic Regime and Recent Change,” J. Geophys. Res. 107 D234694 (2002). Doi: 10.1029/202Jd002542.
J. W. McClelland, R. M. Holmes, B. J. Peterson, et al., “Increasing River Discharge in the Eurasian Arctic: Consideration of Dams, Permafrost Thaw, and Fires As Potential Agents of Change,” J. Geophys. Res. 109, D18102 (2004). Doi: 10.1029/2004Jd004583.
S. Berezovskaya, D. Yang, and D. Kane, “Compatibility Analysis of Presipitationand Runoff Trends Over the Large Siberian Watersheds,” Geoph. Res Lett 31 (2004). Doi:10.1029/2004Gl121277.
A. I. Shiklomanov and R. B. Lamers, “Record Russian River Discharge in 2007 and the Limits of Analysis,” Environ. Res. Lett. 4 (2009). Doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045015.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis; Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC, Ed. by J.C. Houghton et al. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2001).
G. I. Marchuk, Splitting Methods (Nauka, Moscow, 1988).
V. P. Dymnikov, V. N. Lykosov, and E. M. Volodin, “Problems of Modeling Climate and Climate Changes,” Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 42(5), 568–586 (2006).
B. I. Kuzin, G. A. Platov, and E. N. Golubeva, “Influence that Interannual Variations in Siberian River Discharge Have on Redistribution of Freshwater Fluxes in Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic,” Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 46(6), 770–784 (2010).
V. V. Adushkin, S. P. Solov’ev, and S. B. Turuntaev, “Ratio of Anthropogenic and Natural Component in the Flow of Gases to the Atmosphere,” in Global Environmental Change-2001 (Izd. SO RAN, Novosibirsk, 2001), pp. 249–265 [in Russian].
D. J. Wuebbles and K. Hayhoe, “Atmospheric Methane and Global Change,” Earth-Science Reviews 57, 177–210 (2002).
N. Shakhova and I. Semiletov, “Methane Release and Coastal Environment in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf,” J. Marine Systems 66(1), 227–243 (2007).
D. L. Valentine, D. Blanton, W. S. Reeburgh, et al., “Water Column Methane Oxidation Adjacent to an Area of Active Hydrate Dissociation,” Eel River Basin, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65(16), 2633–2640 (2001).
R. P. Griffiths, B. A. Caldwell, J. D. Cline, et al., “Field Observations of Methane Concentrations and Oxidation Rates in the Southeastern Bering Sea,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44(2), 435–446 (1982).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © V.I. Kuzin, G.A. Platov, E.N. Golubeva, V.V. Malakhova, 2012, published in Izvestiya AN. Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana, 2012, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 117–136.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kuzin, V.I., Platov, G.A., Golubeva, E.N. et al. Certain results of numerical simulation of processes in the Arctic Ocean. Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 48, 102–119 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433812010069
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433812010069