Abstract
We model the Galactic ensemble of helium stars using population synthesis techniques, assuming that all helium stars are formed in binaries. In this picture, single helium stars are produced by mergers of helium remnants of the components of close binaries (mainly, the merging of helium white dwarfs) or in the disruption of binaries with helium components during supernova explosions. The estimated total birthrate of helium stars in the Galaxy is 0.043 yr−1; the total number is 4 × 106; and the binarity rate is 76%. We construct a subsample of low-mass (M He ≲ 2M ⊙) helium stars defined by observational selection effects: the limiting magnitude (V He ≤ 16), ratio of the magnitudes of the components in binaries (V He ≤ V comp), and lower limit for the semiamplitude of the radial velocity required for detecting binarity (K min = 30 km s−1). The parameters of this subsample are in satisfactory agreement with observations of helium subdwarfs. In particular, the binarity rate in the selection-limited sample is 58%. We analyze the relations between the orbital periods and masses of helium subdwarfs and their companions in systems with various combinations of components. We predict that the overwhelming majority (∼97%) of unobserved companions to helium stars will be white dwarfs, predominantly, carbon-oxygen white dwarfs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. Rauw, M. De Becker, Y. Nazé, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 420, L9 (2004).
G. Rauw, P. A. Crowther, M. de Becker, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 432, 985 (2005).
U. Heber, Astron. Astrophys. 155, 33 (1986).
R. A. Saffier, P. Bergeron, D. Koester, and J. Liebert, Astrophys. J. 432, 351 (1994).
H. Drechsel, U. Heber, R. Napiwotzki, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 379, 893 (2001).
P. Brassard, G. Fontaine, M. Billeres, et al., Astrophys. J. 563, 1013 (2001).
M. D. Reed, S. D. Kawaler, S. Zola, et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 348, 1164 (2004).
U. Heber, H. Edelmann, T. Lisker, and R. Napiwotzki, Astron. Astrophys. 411, L477 (2003).
U. Heber, H. Drechsel, R. Østensen, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 420, 251 (2004).
T. Nugis and H. J. G. L. M. Lamers, Astron. Astrophys. 360, 227 (2000).
Yu. F. Fadeev and M. F. Novikova, Pis’ma Astron. Zh. 29, 592 (2003) [Astron. Lett. 29, 592 (2003)].
P. S. Conti, in IAU Symp. No. 83: Mass Loss and Evolution of O-Type Stars, Ed. by C. de Loore and P. S. Conti (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1979), p. 431.
J. P. Cox and E. E. Salpeter, Astrophys. J. 133, 764 (1961).
N. L. D’Cruz, B. Dorman, R. T. Rood, and R. W. O’Connell, Astrophys. J. 466, 359 (1996).
R. Kippenhahn and A. Weigert, Z. Astrophys. 65, 21 (1967).
B. Paczyński, Acta Astron. 17, 355 (1967).
A. V. Tutukov and L. R. Yungel’son, Astron. Zh. 67, 109 (1990) [Sov. Astron. 34, 57 (1990)].
I. Iben, Jr., Astrophys. J. 353, 215 (1990).
H. Saio and C. S. Jeffery, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 313, 671 (2000).
I. Iben, Jr. and A. V. Tutukov, Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser. 58, 661 (1985).
Z. Han, P. Podsiadlowski, P. F. L. Maxted, et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 336, 449 (2002).
Z. Han, P. Podsiadlowski, P. F. L. Maxted, and T. R. Marsh, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 341, 669 (2003).
A. V. Tutukov and L. R. Yungel’son, Astron. Zh. 79, 738 (2002) [Astron. Rep. 46, 667 (2002)].
R. F. Green, M. Schmidt, and J. Liebert, Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser. 61, 305 (1986).
A. V. Tutukov and L. R. Yungel’son, Nauch. Inform. Astron. Sovet Akad. Nauk SSSR 27, 3 (1973).
Z. Han, C. A. Tout, and P. P. Eggleton, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 319, 215 (2000).
D. Vanbeveren, Space Sci. Rev. 56, 249 (1991).
G. Nelemans and E. P. J. van den Heuvel, Astron. Astrophys. 376, 950 (2001).
U. Heber, P. F. L. Maxted, T. R. Marsh, et al., in Stellar Atmosphere Modeling, Ed. by I. Hubeny, D. Mihalas, and K. Werner (Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, 2003), Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Proc., Vol. 288, p. 251.
J. S. Vink, Astrophys. Space Sci. 291, 239 (2004).
A. V. Tutukov, A. V. Fedorova, and L. R. Yungel’son, Pis’ma Astron. Zh. 8, 365 (1982) [Sov. Astron. Lett. 8, 198 (1982)].
G. Nelemans, F. Verbunt, L. R. Yungelson, and S. F. Portegies Zwart, Astron. Astrophys. 360, 1011 (2000).
G. Nelemans and C. A. Tout, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 356, 753 (2005).
A. V. Tutukov and L. R. Yungelson, in IAU Symp. No. 83: Mass Loss and Evolution of O-Type Stars, Ed. by C. de Loore and P. S. Conti (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1979), p. 401.
J. E. Pringle and R. F. Webbink, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 172, 493 (1975).
A. V. Tutukov and L. R. Yungelson, Acta Astron. 29, 665 (1979).
Z. E. Kraicheva, E. I. Popova, A. V. Tutukov, and L. R. Yungel’son, Pis’ma Astron. Zh. 7, 488 (1981) [Sov. Astron. Lett. 7, 269 (1981)].
E. I. Popova, A. V. Tutukov, and L. R. Yungelson, Astrophys. Space Sci. 88, 55 (1982).
Z. E. Kraicheva, E. I. Popova, A. V. Tutukov, and L. R. Yungel’son, Astrofizika 22, 105 (1985) [Astrophys. 21, 63 (1985)].
S. Vereshchagin, A. Tutukov, L. Yungelson, et al., Astrophys. Space Sci. 142, 245 (1988).
Z. E. Kraicheva, E. I. Popova, A. V. Tutukov, and L. R. Yungel’son, Astrofizika 30, 524 (1989).
P. F. L. Maxted, U. Heber, T. R. Marsh, and R. C. North, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 326, 1391 (2001).
R. Napiwotzki, C. A. Karl, T. Lisker, et al., Astrophys. Space Sci. 291, 321 (2004).
V. M. Lipunov, K. A. Postnov, and M. E. Prokhorov, Astron. Astrophys. 310, 489 (1996).
V. M. Lipunov, K. A. Postnov, and M. E. Prokhorov, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 288, 245 (1997).
S. F. Portegies Zwart and L. R. Yungelson, Astron. Astrophys. 332, 173 (1998).
D. Lommen, L. R. Yungelson, E. P. J. van den Heuvel, et al., Astron. Astrophys. (2005) (in press).
R. A. Downes, Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser. 61, 569 (1986).
K. S. de Boer, M. Geffert, M. Odenkirchen, et al., in IAU Symp. No. 164: Stellar Populations, Ed. by C. van der Kruit and G. Gilmore (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1994), p. 393.
R. Napiwotzki, N. Christlieb, H. Drechsel, et al., Astron. Nachr. 322, 411 (2001).
R. Napiwotzki, N. Christlieb, H. Drechsel, et al., Messenger 112, 25 (2003).
R. Aznar Cuadrado and C. F. Jeffery, Astron. Astrophys. 385, 131 (2002).
M. A. Stark and R. A. Wade, Astron. J. 126, 1455 (2003).
M. Altmann, H. Edelmann, and K. S. de Boer, Astron. Astrophys. 414, 181 (2004).
C. W. Allen, Astrophysical Quantities (Athlone, London, 1976; Mir, Moscow, 1977).
L. Morales-Rueda, P. F. L. Maxted, T. R. Marsh, et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 338, 752 (2003).
R. A. Wade, M. A. Stark, and R. F. Green, astro-ph/0410287 (2004).
T. Lisker, U. Heber, R. Napiwotzki, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 430, 223 (2005).
R. A. Saffer, E. M. Green, and T. Bowers, in Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on White Dwarfs, Ed. by J. L. Provencal, H. L. Shipman, J. McDonald, and S. Goodchild (Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, 2001); Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Ser. 226, 408 (2001).
P. F. L. Maxted, T. R. Marsh, U. Heber, et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 333, 231 (2001).
A. Ahmad and C. S. Jeffery, Astron. Astrophys. 402, 335 (2003).
A. V. Tutukov and L. R. Yungelson, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 280, 1035 (1996).
G. Nelemans, S. F. Portegies Zwart, F. Verbunt, and L. R. Yungelson, Astron. Astrophys. 368, 939 (2001).
G. Nelemans, L. R. Yungelson, and S. F. Portegies Zwart, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 349, 181 (2004).
I. Iben, Jr., A. V. Tutukov, and L. R. Yungelson, Astrophys. J. 456, 750 (1996).
R. Napiwotzki, L. Yungelson, G. Nelemans, et al., in Spectroscopically and Spatially Resolving the Components of the Close Binary Stars, Ed. by W. Hilditch, H. Hensberge, and K. Pavlovski (Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, 2004); Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Ser. 318, 402 (2004).
L. Morales-Rueda, T. R. Marsh, P. F. L. Maxted, et al., astro-ph/0502408 (2005).
A. V. Tutukov and L. R. Yungel’son, Nauch. Inform. Astron. Sovet Akad. Nauk SSSR 49, 3 (1981).
I. Iben, Jr. and A. V. Tutukov, Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser. 54, 331 (1984).
R. F. Webbink, Astrophys. J. 277, 355 (1984).
E. Ergma, A. V. Fedorova, and L. R. Yungelson, Astron. Astrophys. 376, L9 (2001).
S.-C. Yoon and N. Langer, Astron. Astrophys. 419, 645 (2004).
E. Cappellaro, R. Evans, and M. Turatto, Astron. Astrophys. 351, 459 (1999).
E. Cappellaro, Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. 72, 863 (2001).
L. R. Yungelson, in White Dwarfs: Galactic and Cosmological Probes, Ed. by E. M. Sion, H. L. Shipman, and S. Vennes (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2005); astro-ph/0409677.
E. M. Green, J. Liebert, and R. A. Saffer, in Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on White Dwarfs, Ed. by J. L. Provencal, H. L. Shipman, J. McDonald, and S. Goodchild (Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, 2001); Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Ser. 226, 192 (2001).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
__________
Translated from Astronomicheski\(\overset{\lower0.5em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\smile}$}}{l}\) Zhurnal, Vol. 82, No. 11, 2005, pp. 976–989.
Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Yungelson, Tutukov.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yungelson, L.R., Tutukov, A.V. A model for the population of helium stars in the Galaxy: Low-mass stars. Astron. Rep. 49, 871–883 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1134/1.2127991
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/1.2127991