Vector singularities of Gaussian beams in uniaxial crystals: Optical vortex generation

Abstract

The propagation of a circularly polarized singular beam through a uniaxial crystal is accompanied by the appearance of additional singularities in the polarization structure of the beam field. These vector singularities combine to form concentric ombilic lines—degenerate ombilic points of the star type, thus significantly changing the entire fine structure of the field. When the beam passes through a birefringent quarter-wave plate and a polarizer, the vector singularities transform into the usual optical vortices. Rotation of the polarizer and/or of the quarter-wave plate drives the vortices to move by preset trajectories, merge with one another, or break into elementary singularities. These processes are studied using theoretical and experimental methods.