Abstract
A new parametric model-based method has been developed that allows epicardial strain distributions to be computed on the left ventricular free wall in normal and ischemic myocardium and integrated with the regional distributions of anatomic and physiological measurements so that underlying relationships can be explored. An array of radiopaque markers was sewn on the anterior wall of the left ventricle (LV) in three anesthetized open-chest canines, and their positions were recorded using biplane video fluoroscopy before and 2 min after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The three-dimensional (3D) anatomy of the LV and epicardial fiber angles were measured post-mortem using a 3D probe. A prolate spheroidal finite element model was fitted to the epicardial surface points (with <0.2 mm accuracy) and fiber angles (<5° error). Regional myocardial blood flows (MBFs) were measured using fluorescent microspheres and fitted into the model(<0.3 ml min−1 g−1 error). Epicardial fiber and cross-fiber strain distributions were computed by allowing the model to deform from end-diastole to end-systole according to the recorded motion of the surface markers. Systolic fiber strain varied from −0.05 to 0.01 within the region of the markers during baseline, and regional MBF varied from 1.5 to 2.0 min−1 g−1. During 2 min ischemia, regional MBF was less than 0.3 min−1 g−1 in the ischemic region and 1.0 ml min−1 g−1 in the nonischemic region, and fiber strain ranged from 0.05 in the central ischemic zone to −0.025 in the remote nonischemic tissue. This analysis revealed a zone of impaired fiber shortening extending into the normally perfused myocardium that was significantly wider at the base than the apex. A validation analysis showed that a regularizing function can be optimized to minimize both fitting errors and numerical oscillations in the computed strain fields. © 1998 Biomedical Engineering Society.
PAC98: 8745Hw, 8710+e, 8759Wc, 8745-k
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Bradley, C. P., A. J. Pullan, and P. J. Hunter. Geometric modeling of the human torso using cubic Hermite elements. Ann. Biomed. Eng.25:96-111, 1997.
Costa, K. D. The structural basis of three-dimensional ventricular mechanics. La Jolla, CA: UC San Diego, PhD thesis, 1996.
Costa, K. D., P. J. Hunter, J. M. Rogers, J. M. Guccione, L. K. Waldman, and A. D. McCulloch. A three-dimensional finite element method for large elastic deformation of ventricular myocardium: II-prolate spheroidal coordinates. J. Biomech. Eng.118:464-472, 1996.
Gallagher, K. P., R. A. Gerren, M. Choy, M. C. Stirling, and R. C. Dysko. Subendocardial segment length shortening at lateral margin of ischemic myocardium in dogs. Am. J. Physiol.253:H826-H837, 1987.
Gallagher, K. P., R. A. Gerren, M. C. Stirling, M. Choy, R. C. Dysko, S. P. McManimon, and W. R. Dunham. The distribution of functional impairment across the lateral border of acutely ischemic myocardium. Circ. Res.58:570-583, 1986.
Gallagher, K. P., T. Kumada, J. A. Koziol, M. D. McKown, W. S. Kemper, and J. J. Ross. Significance of regional wall thickening abnormalities relative to transmural myocardial perfusion in anesthetized dogs. Circulation62:1266-1274, 1980.
Gallagher, K. P., M. C. Stirling, M. Choy, C. A. Szpunar, R. A. Gerren, M. J. Botham, and J. H. Lemmer. Dissociation between epicardial and transmural function during acute myocardial ischemia. Circulation71:1279-1291, 1985.
Glenny, R. W., S. Bernard, and M. Brinkley. Validation of fluorescently-labeled microspheres for measurement of regional organ perfusion. J. Appl. Physiol.74:2585-2597, 1993.
Hashima, A. R., A. A. Young, A. D. McCulloch, and L. K. Waldman. Nonhomogeneous analysis of epicardial strain distributions during acute myocardial ischemia in the dog. J. Biomech.26:19-35, 1993.
Hunter, P. J., P. M. F. Nielsen, B. H. Smaill, I. J. LeGrice, and I. W. Hunter. An anatomical heart model with application to myocardial activation and ventricular mechanics. Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng.20:403-426, 1992.
Kavanaugh, K. M., H. M. Brenner, K. P. Gallagher, and A. J. Buda. Effects of afterload alterations on the functional border zone measured with two-dimensional echocardiography during acute coronary occlusion. Am. Heart J.116:942-952, 1988.
LeGrice, I. J., P. J. Hunter, and B. H. Smaill. Laminar structure of the heart: a mathematical model. Am. J. Physiol.272:H2466-H2476, 1997.
MacKay, S. A., P. J. Potel, and J. M. Rubin. Graphics methods for tracking three-dimensional heart wall motion. Comput. Biomed. Res.15:455-472, 1982.
May-Newman, K., J. H. Omens, R. S. Pavelec, and A. D. McCulloch. Three-dimensional transmural mechanical interaction between the coronary vasculature and passive myocardium in the dog. Circ. Res.74:1166-1178, 1994.
McCulloch, A. D., and J. H. Omens. Non-homogeneous analysis of three-dimensional transmural finite deformation in canine ventricular myocardium. J. Biomech.24:539-548, 1991.
Nielsen, P. M. F., I. J. LeGrice, B. H. Smaill, and P. J. Hunter. Mathematical model of geometry and fibrous structure of the heart. Am. J. Physiol.260:H1365-H1378, 1991.
Oosterhout, M. F. M., H. M. M. Willigers, R. S. Reneman, and F. W. Prinzen. Fluorescent microspheres to measure organ perfusion: validation of simplified sample processing technique. Am. J. Physiol.269:H725-H733, 1995.
Prinzen, F. W., T. Arts, A. P. G. Hoeks, and R. S. Reneman. Discrepancies between myocardial blood flow and fiber shortening in the ischemic border zone as assessed with video mapping of epicardial deformation. Pflugers Arch.415:220-229, 1989.
Prinzen, F. W., T. Arts, G. J. van der Vusse, W. A. Coumans, and R. S. Reneman. Gradients in fiber shortening and metabolism across ischemic left ventricular wall. Am. J. Physiol.250:H255-H264, 1986.
Prinzen, F. W., and R. W. Glenny. Development in nonradioactive microsphere technique for blood flow measurement. Cardiovasc. Res.28:1467-1475, 1994.
Riggs, D., J. Guarnieri, and S. Addelman. Fitting straight lines when both variables are subject to error. Life Sci.22:1305-1360, 1978.
Streeter, D. D. J., and W. T. Hanna. Engineering mechanics for successive states in canine left ventricular myocardium-I. Cavity and wall geometry. Circ. Res.33:639-655, 1973.
Terzopoulos, D. Regulation of inverse visual problems involving discontinuities. IEEE Trans. Pattern. Anal. Mach. Intell.PAMI-8:413-423, 1986.
Throne, R. D., and L. G. Olson. The effects of errors in assumed conductivities and geometry on numerical solution to the inverse problem of electrocardiography. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.42:1192-1200, 1995.
Van Leuven, S. L., L. K. Waldman, and A. D. McCulloch. Gradients of epicardial strain across the perfusion boundary during acute myocardial ischemia. Am. J. Physiol.267:H2348-H2362, 1994.
Waldman, L. K. Multidimensional measurements of regional strains in the intact heart. In: Theory of Heart: Biomechanic, Biophysics, and Non-linear Dynamics of Cardiac Function, edited by L. Glass, P. Hunter, and A. D. McCulloch. New York: Springer, 1991, pp. 145-174.
Waldman, L. K., and A. D. McCulloch. Nonhomogeneous ventricular wall strain: analysis of errors and accuracy. J. Biomech. Eng.115:497-502, 1993.
Waldman, L. K., D. Nosan, F. Villarreal, and J. W. Covell. Relation between transmural deformation and local myofiber direction in canine left ventricle. Circ. Res.63:550-562, 1988.
Young, A. A., and L. Axel. Three-dimensional motion and deformation of heart wall: estimation with spatial modulation of magnetization-a model-based approach. Radiology185:241-247, 1992.
Young, A. A., P. J. Hunter, and B. H. Smaill. Epicardial surface estimation from coronary angiograms. Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process.47:111-127, 1989.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mazhari, R., Omens, J.H., Waldman, L.K. et al. Regional Myocardial Perfusion and Mechanics: A Model-Based Method of Analysis. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 26, 743–755 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1114/1.74
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1114/1.74