Conclusions
Measurements of tensile fracture were obtained from ultrasonic probing and acoustic emission. For Charcoal granite, unbroken or interlocked crystals were observed to form a single, multi-connected region within the macro-crack. A zone of decreased surface-wave transmission was detected in front of the optical crack tip. The process zone was measured to be over ten percent of the effective crack length.
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Labuz, J.F., Shah, S.P. & Dowding, C.H. Using seismic techniques to characterize fracture in rock. Exp Tech 11, 30–32 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.1987.tb00657.x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.1987.tb00657.x