Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Impact of lifestyle on circadian orientation and sleep behaviour

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sleep and Biological Rhythms Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Individual variability in preferred sleep timing is popularly described as chronotype. This study was conducted on 2105 subjects living in remote (500; without electricity), rural (500; with electricity) and urban areas (1105) having access to modern amenities of Chhattisgarh India. Horne — Östberg questionnaires were used to find out the prevalence of morningness/eveningness. Sleep parameters and excessive daytime sleepiness were also evaluated with the help of questionnaires and the Epworth sleepiness scale. According to the Horne and Östberg classification, 83.87% of the total population was classified as morning type (MT), 13.30% as intermediate type (IT) and 3.23% people were reported as evening type (ET) with a significant difference (P > 0.001) in distribution of chronotype. The frequencies of MT people in remote, rural and urban areas were 99.60%, 95.20%, and 71.58%, respectively. An increasing trend in the percentage of IT peoples was observed from remote (0.4%) to rural (4.8%) and urban areas (22.3%). This decreasing frequency of MT and increasing number of IT among urban inhabitants may be attributable to change of lifestyle. Significant positive correlations were observed between evening type and delayed bed/wake-up time, increase in sleep dissatisfaction and higher level of daytime sleepiness (P > 0.01). Elevated level of salivary C-reactive protein and decreased sleep duration was also observed in evening types. From the results of the present study it can be concluded that the prevalence of chronotypes in the general population is influenced by lifestyle, and that sleep disruption is more profound in evening-active people.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Randler C, Di’az-Morales JF. Morningness in German and Spanish students: a comparative study. Eur. J. Pers. 2007; 21: 419–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Minors DS, Waterhouse JM. Circadian rhythms in general practice and occupational health. In: Arendt J, Minors DS, Waterhouse JM, eds. Biological Rhythms in Clinical Practice. Wright: London, 1989; 207–24.

    Google Scholar 

  3. McEnany G, Lee KA. Owls, larks and the significance of morningness/eveningness rhythm propensity in psychiatricmental health nursing. Issues Ment. Health Nurs. 2000; 21: 203–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Horne JA, Östberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int. J. Chronobiol. 1976; 4: 97–110.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Webb WB, Bonnet MH. The sleep of “morning” and “evening” types. Biol. Psychol. 1978; 7: 29–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ishihara K, Miyasita A, Inugami M, Fukuda K, Miyata Y. Differences in sleep/wake habits and EEG sleep variables between active morning and evening subjects. Sleep 1988; 10: 300–42.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Dijk DJ, Edgar DM. Circadian and homeostatic control of wakefulness and sleep. In: Turek FW, Zee PC, eds. Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms. Marcel Dekker: New York, 1999; 111–47.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA. Paradoxical timing of the circadian rhythm of sleep propensity serves to consolidate sleep and wakefulness in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 1994; 166(1): 63–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Monk T. Shift work. In: Kryge MH, Roth T, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Elsevier-Saunders: Philadelphia, 2005; 673–79.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Czeisler CA, Buxton O. Khalsa SBS. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement C, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 4th edn. Elsevier Saunders: Philadelphia, 2005; 375–94.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Wever R. The Circadian System of Man. Berlin, Heidelberg. Springer: New York, 1979.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  12. Till Roenneberg C, Kumar J, Merrow M. The human circadian clock entrains to sun time. Curr. Biol. 2007; 17 (2): R44.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kerkhof G. Interindividual differences in the human circadian system: a review. Biol. Psychol. 1985; 20: 83–112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Taillard J, Philip P, Bioulac B. Morningness/eveningness and the need for sleep. J. Sleep Res. 1999; 8: 291–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Carrier J, Monk T. Circadian rhythms of performance: new trends. Chronobiol. Int. 2000; 17: 719–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gaina A, Sekine M, Kanayama H et al. Morning-evening preference: sleep pattern spectrum and life style habits among Japanese junior high school pupils. Chronobiol. Int. 2006; 23: 607–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Zavada A, Gordijn MC, Beersma DG, Daan S, Roenneberg T. Comparison of the Munich chronotype questionnaire with the Horne-Östberg’s morningness-eveningness Score. Chronobiol. Int. 2005; 22: 267–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Giannotti F, Cortesi F, Sehastiani T, Ottaviano SJ. Cir-cadian preference, sleep and daytime behavior in adolescence. Sleep Res. 2002; 11: 191–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Nag C, Pradhan RK. Sleep deprivation and level of Creactive protein. Biol. Rhythm Res. 2011; 42(3): 209–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Worthman CM, Melby M. Toward a comparative developmental ecology of human sleep. In: Carskadon MA, ed. Adolescent Sleep Patterns: Biological, Social, and Psychological Influences. Cambridge University Press: New York, 2002; 69–117.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. Takeuchi H, Inoue M, Watanabe N et al. Parental enforcement of bedtime during childhood modulates preference of Japanese junior high school students for eveningness chronotype. Chronobiol. Int. 2001; 18: 823–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Chelminski I, Ferraro FR, Petros T, Plaud JJ. Horne and Ostberg questionnaire: a score distribution in a large sample of young adults. Pers. Individ. Dif. 1997; 23(4): 647–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepi-ness: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep 1991; 14: 540–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ursin R, Bjorvatn B, Holsten F. Sleep duration, subjective sleep need, and sleep habits of 40- to 45-year-olds in the Hordaland health study. Sleep 2005; 28 (10): 1260–9.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Lehnkering H, Siegmund R. Influence of chronotype, season, and sex of subject on sleep behavior of young adults. Chronobiol. Int. 2007; 24(5): 875–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Korczak AL, Martynhak BJ, Pedrazzoli M, Brito AF, Louzada FM. Influence of chronotype and social zeitgebers on sleep/wake patterns. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2008; 41(10): 914–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Park YM, Matsumoto K, Seo YJ, Shinkoda H, Park KP. Scores on morningness-eveningness and sleep habits of Korean students, Japanese students and Japanese workers. Percept. Mot. Skills 1997; 85: 143–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, India

    Chaynika Nag &  Rohit Kumar Pradhan

Authors
  1. Chaynika Nag
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rohit Kumar Pradhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rohit Kumar Pradhan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nag, C., Pradhan, R.K. Impact of lifestyle on circadian orientation and sleep behaviour. Sleep Biol. Rhythms 10, 94–99 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2011.00529.x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2011.00529.x

Key words

Search

Navigation