Abstract
Iliocostalis (IC) muscles were studied in four dolphin embryos, three goat embryos and four Japanese adult cadavers through macroscopic dissection. The IC muscles of the dolphin were located on the lateral aspect of the trunk and displayed an intercostal arrangement. In contrast, the IC muscles in both the goat and human showed a double-layered architecture formed by a multisegmental muscle–tendon complex and were located on the lateral and medial sides of the costal angle, respectively. Generally, the nerve to the iliocostalis (NIC) in the dolphin and goat did not form a common trunk with the nerve to the longissimus on the epaxial plane, whereas in humans the NIC ran parallel to the nerve to the longissimus part of the way. The individual NIC ran caudolaterally, innervating the one lower (caudal) metameric division of the IC muscle in the dolphin and piercing the fascia of the IC muscles at a point in the next caudal intercostal level in the goat and human. In the upper thoracic part of the goat and human, the caudal shift of innervation was obscured, where the IC muscles were close to the vertebrae. The course of the NIC was closely related to that of the lateral cutaneous branch. The present study shows that the NIC is commonly destined for the one lower intercostal level among the three mammalian species, with their respective IC muscles having distinctly different structural complexity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aizawa Y, Kumaki K (1996) The courses and the segmental origins of the cutaneous branches of the thoracic dorsal rami. Acta Anat Nippon 71, 195–210 (in Japanese with an English abstract).
Barone R, Pavaux C, Blin PC, Cuq P (1973) Atlas D’anatomie Du Lapin: Atlas of Rabbit Anatomy. Masson, Paris.
Brink EE, Pfaff DW (1980) Vertebral muscles of the back and tail of the albino rat (Rattus norvegicus albinus). Brain Behav Evol 17, 1–47.
Crouch JE (1969) Text-Atlas of Cat Anatomy. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
Eisler P (1912) Tiefe Rücken muskeln. In: Handbuch der Anatomie Des Menschen, Vol. 2. (Bardeleben K, ed.). G Fischer, Jena, 384–441.
Frey E (1988) Anatomie des korperstammes von alligator mississippiensis daudin. Stuttgart Beitr Naturk Ser A 424, 1–106.
Gasc JP (1970) Les différents types d’innervation du muscle ilio-costal du tronc chez les serpents. Bull Assoc Anat 54th Congr 145, 168–75.
Gasc JP (1974) L’interprétation fonctionelle de l’appareil musculo-squelettique del’axe vertébral chez les Serpents (Reptilia). Mém Mus Nat Hist Nat Paris Ser A Zool 83, 1–182.
Gasc JP (1981) Axial musculature. In: Biology of the Reptilia Vol. 11 (Gans C, ed.). Academic Press, London, 355–435.
George JC, Berger AJ (1966) Avian Myology. Academic Press, New York.
Getty R (1975) Ruminant myology. In: Sisson and Grossman’s the Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, 5th edn (Getty R, ed.). WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 791–860.
Hill WCO (1974) Primates: Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy, Vol. 7. Cynopithecinae; cercocebus, macaca, cynopithecus. The University Press, Edinburgh.
Honig MG, Zou JY (1995) The effects of target tissues on the outgrowth of chick cutaneous and muscle sensory neurons. Dev Biol 167, 549–62.
Howell AB, Straus WL (1961) The muscular system. In: The Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Harman CG, Straus WL, eds). Hafner, New York, 89–175.
Isomura G (1985) Anatomy and histology of the house musk shrew, muscular system. In: Suncus Murinus, Biology of the Laboratory Shrew (Kondo K, ed.). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 199–209 (in Japanese).
Koch T (1973) Anatomy of the Chicken and Domestic Birds. Translated by Skold BH and DeVries L (1973). Iowa State University Press, Ames.
Kumakura H, Inokuchi S (1992) Morphological diversity of the lorisoid epaxial muscles. In: Topics in Primatology, Vol. 3 (Matano S, Tuttle RH, Ishida H, Goodman M, eds). University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 83–92.
Lance-Jones C, Dias M (1991) The influence of presumptive limb connective tissue on motoneuron axon guidance. Dev Biol 143, 93–110.
Maurer F (1892) Der Aufbau und die entwicklung der ventralen rumpfmuskulatur bei den urodeln amphibien und deren beziehung zu den gleichen muskeln der selachier und teleostier. Morph Jahrb 18, 76–179.
Maurer F (1895) Die ventrale rumpfmuskulatur der anuren amphibien. Morph Jahrb 22, 225–62.
Maurer F (1896) Die ventrale rumpfmuskulatur einiger reptilien. Eine vergleichend-anatomische untersuchung, Bd. III. Fetsch Gegenbaur Leipzig 1, 183–256.
Maurer F (1898) Die Entwicklung der ventralen rumpfmuskulatur bei reptilien. Morph Jahrb 26, 1–60.
Maurer F (1905) Untersuchungen zur Vergleichenden Muskellehre der Wirbeltiere: Die Musculi Serrati Postici der Saugetiere und Ihre Phylogenese. Fischer, Jena.
Maurer F (1911) Die ventrale Rumpfmuskulatur von Menobranchus, Menopoma und Amphiuma, verglichen mit den gleichen Muskeln anderer Urodelen. Jena Zeitschr Natur 47, 1–42.
May NDS (1964) The Anatomy of the Sheep, 2nd edn. University of Queensland Press, Brisbane.
Miller ME, Christensen GC, Evans HE (1964) Anatomy of the Dog. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Murakami G, Akita K, Sato T (1991) Arrangement and innervation of the iliocostalis and longissimus muscles of the brown caiman (Caiman crocodilus fuscus: Alligatoridae, Crocodilia). Am J Anat 192, 241–56.
Nakao T, Ishizawa A (1994) Development of the spinal nerves in the mouse with special reference to innervation of the axial musculature. Anat Embryol 189, 115–38.
Nishi S (1918) Ein beitrag zur anatomie des m. ileo-costalis, fasciculi intercostales dorsales beim menschen. Arb Anat Inst Sendai 1, 1–6.
Nishi S (1919) Zur vergleichenden anatomie der eigentlichen (genuinen) rückenmuskeln. Gegenbaurs Morph Jahrb 50, 167–318.
Nishi S (1938) Muskelen des rumpfes. In: Handbuch der Vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltier, Bd. 5 (Bolk L, Göppert E, Kallius E, Lubosch W, eds). Urban & Schwanzen- berg, Berlin, 351–446.
Noble GK (1954) The Biology of the Amphibia. Dover Publications, New York.
Phelan KA, Hollyday M (1990) Axon guidance in muscleless chick wings: The role of muscle cells in motoneuronal pathway selection and muscle nerve formation. J Neurosci 10, 2699–716.
Plattner F (1923) über die ventral-innervierte und die genuine rückenmuskulatur bei drei anthropomorphen (Gorilla gina, Hylobates und Tr oglodytes niger). Gegenbaurs Morph Jahrb 52, 241–80.
Purves PE, Dudok van Heel WH, Jonk A (1975) Locomotion in dolphins: Part 1. Hydrodynamic experiments on a model of the bottle-nosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (Mont.). Aquat Mammals 3, 5–31.
Putz R (1985) Rückenmuskeln, allgemeines. In: Benninghoff, Makroskopische und Mikroskopische Anatomie Des Men-schen, Bd. 1 (Staubesand J, ed.). Urban & Schwarzenberg, München, 289–300.
Raven HC (1950) The Anatomy of the Gorilla. Columbia University Press, New York.
Reighard J, Jennings HS (1951) Anatomy of the Cat, 3rd edn. Holt, New York.
Rosse C, Gaddum-Rosse P (1997) Hollinshead’s Textbook of Anatomy, 5th edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.
Salmons S (1995) Muscles and fasciae of the trunk. In: Gray’s Anatomy, 38th edn (Williams PL, ed.). Churchill Livingstone, New York, 809–11.
Sato T (1968) Morphological study on the levatores costarum and the intertransversarii muscles. Acta Anat Nippon 43, 305–25 (in Japanese with an English abstract).
Sato T (1974) On the rami intermedii of the spinal nerves and their equivalent offshoots. A contribution to classification of the trunk muscles. Z Anat Entwickl Gesch 143, 143–57.
Seiferle E, Frewein J (2004) Muslkeln des Stammes, Aktiver Bewegungs apparat, Muskelsystem, Myologia. In: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere, Bd. 1 (Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E, eds). Paul Parey, Berlin, 333–403.
Shindo (1995) Anatomical study of the lumbar multifidus muscle and its innervation in human adults and fetuses. J Nippon Med School 54, 439–45 (in Japanese with an English abstract).
Sisson S (1975a) Porcine myology. In: Sisson and Grossman’s Anatomy of Domestic Animals, 5th edn (Getty R, ed.). WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1256–67.
Sisson S (1975b) Equine myology. In: Sisson and Grossman’s Anatomy of Domestic Animals, 5th edn (Getty R, ed.). WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 376–453.
Slijper EJ (1946) Comparative biologic-anatomical investigations on the vertebral column and spinal musculature of mammals. Kon Ned Akad Wet Verh Tweede Sectie 42, 1–128.
Slijper EJ (1979) Whales, 2nd English edn. Translated by Pomerans AJ (1979). Hutchinson, London.
St Clair LE (1975) Carnivore myology. In: Sisson and Grossman’s the Anatomy of the Domestic Animal, 5th edn (Getty R, ed.). W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1507–37.
Strickler TL (1980) The axial musculature of pontoporia blainvillei, with comments on the organization of this system and its effect on fluke-stroke dynamics in the cetacea. Am J Anat 157, 49–59.
Vallois HV (1922) Les Transformations de la Musculature de L’épisome Chez les Vertébrés. Paris, Doin.
Vanden Berge JC (1975) Aves myology. In: Sisson and Grossman’s Anatomy of Domestic Animals, 5th edn (Getty R, ed.). WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1802–48.
Virchow H (1909) Über die rückenmuskeln eines schimpanse. Arch Anat Physiol Anat Abt 137–174.
Virchow H (1914) Die rückenmuskeln des schimpanse. Arch Anat Physiol Anat Abt 319–350.
Virchow H (1916) Über die rückenmuskeln des erythrocebus patas. Arch Anat Physiol Anat Abt 1–58.
Virchow H (1929) Die tiefen rückenmuskeln des ornithorhynchus. Gegenbaurs Morph Jahrb 60, 481–559.
Vollmerhaus B (1992) Speziele anatomie des bewegungsapparat. In: Anatomie der Vögel (Schummer A, ed.). Paul Parey, Berlin, 54–153.
Wettstein O (1931a) Rhynchocephalia. In: Handbuch der Zoologie, Vol. 7 (Kukenthal W, Krumbach T, eds). De Gruyter, Berlin, 1–235.
Wettstein O (1931b) Crocodilia. In: Handbuch der Zoologie, Vol. 7 (Kukenthal W, Krumbach T, eds). De Gruyter, Berlin, 236–424.
Winckler G (1936) Le muscle ilio-costal. Etude de sa structure et de sa morphologie en fonction des courbures du rachis, étude d–Anatomie comparée. Arc Anat Histol Embryol Strasbourg 21, 143–252.
Yamaguchi T (1967) On the mm. dorsi profundi (mm. dorsi proprii) in formosan monkey. Part II. Systema m. iliocostalis. Okajimas Fol Anat Jpn 43, 1–19.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nomizo, A., Kudoh, H. & Sakai, T. Iliocostalis muscles in three mammals (dolphin, goat and human): Their identification, structure and innervation. Anato Sci Int 80, 212–222 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-073X.2005.00115.x
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-073X.2005.00115.x