Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Can God Help? Religion and Spirituality among Adolescent Male Sex Offenders

  • Cultural Considerations for Offenders and Victims
  • Published:
Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Religion has been identified as a key protective factor against delinquency among teens. Sex offending, in particular, is often seen as a moral as well as a clinical and a correctional issue. Yet, there is virtually no research exploring religion among adolescent sex offenders. Although religion is a multidimensional construct, it has most frequently been assessed by one or two blunt measures such as church attendance or self-rated salience of religion in existing studies (Johnson, De Li, Larson, & McCullough, 2000). In this project, we used a multidimensional measure (the BMMRS) to explore the impact of religion on delinquency committed by adolescent sex offenders (N = 196). We found that religion played a significant role in the lives of the incarcerated adolescent males who formed the sample. In a mediation analysis, religion partially meditated the relationship between trauma and nonsexual delinquency among this population. Implications for research and treatment are explored.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baier, C. J., & Wright, B. R. E. (2001). “If you love me, keep my commandments”: A meta-analysis of the effect of religion on crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 3–21. doi:10.1177/0022427801038001001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, D. P., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self-report [Manual]. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blakeney, R. F., & Blakeney, C. D. (2006). Delinquency: A quest for moral and spiritual integrity? In E. C. Roehlkepartain, P. E. King, L. Wagener, & P. L. Benson (Eds.), The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence (pp. 371–383). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, D. L., Miller, D. L., & Shill, C. T. (2002). A social learning theory comparison of the sexual victimization of adolescent sexual offenders and nonsexual offending male delinquents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 893–907. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00360-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, M. F. (2002). What we do not know about juvenile sexual reoffense risk. Child Maltreatment, 7, 291–302. doi:10.1177/107755902237260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camp, C. M., Salazar, L. F., DiClemente, R. J., & Wingood, G. M. (2005). Adolescent Sex Offenders. In T. P. Gullotta & G. R. Adams (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent behavioral problems: Evidence-based approaches to prevention and treatment (pp. 487–502). New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, M., & Matthews, B. (2007). Faith-based approaches controlling the delinquency of juvenile offenders. Federal Probation, 71(1), 31–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, E., Wright, M. O., & Masten, A. S. (2006). Resilience and spirituality in youth. In E. C. Roehlkepartain, P. E. King, L. Wagener, & P. L. Benson (Eds.), The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence. (pp. 355–370). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Denton, M. L., Pearce, L. D., & Smith, C. (2008). Religion and spirituality on the path through adolescence (Research Report No. 8). Retrieved from http://www.youthandreligion.org/publications/docs/w2_pub_report_final.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Derezotes, D. (2000). Evaluation of yoga and meditation trainings with adolescent sex offenders. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 17(2), 97–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dew, R., Daniel, S. S., Armstrong, T. D., Goldston, D. B., Triplett, M. F., & Koenig, H. G. (2008). Religion/Spirituality and adolescent psychiatric symptoms: A review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 39, 381–398. doi:10.1007/s10578-007-0093-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earle, R. H., Dillon, D., & Jecmen, D. (1998). Systemic approach to the treatment of sex offenders. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 5(1), 49–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • English, D. J., Widom, C. S., & Brandford, C. (2002). Victimization and delinquency, adult criminality, and violent criminal behavior: A replication and extension, final report (Report No. NCJ 192291). Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/192291.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Falsetti, S. A., Resick, P. A., & Davis, J. L. (2003). Changes in religious beliefs following trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 391–398. doi:10.1023/A:1024422220163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Working Group. (1999). Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Working Group. Kalamazoo, MI: John E. Fetzer Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D., & Hashima, P. (2001). The victimization of children and youth: A comprehensive overview. In S. O. White (Ed.), Handbook of youth and justice (pp. 49–78). New York; NY: Kluwer Academic.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Furrow, J. L., King, P. E., & White, K. (2004). Religion and positive youth development: Identity, meaning, and prosocial concerns. Applied Developmental Science, 8, 17–26. doi:10.1207/S1532480XADS0801_3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, T. L. (2006). Spirituality and coping with life stress among adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 829–844. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.01.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ganje-Fling, M., & McCarthy, P. (1996). Impact of childhood sexual abuse on client spiritual development: Counseling implications. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 253–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geary, B., Ciarrocchi, J. W., & Scheers, N. J. (2005). Spirituality and religious variables as predictors of well-being in sex offenders. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 15, 167–187. doi:10.1080/17439760701760666

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer, A. L., & Baumeister, R. F. (2005). Religion, morality, and self-control: Values, virtues, and vices. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 412–432). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granqvist, P., & Dickie, J. R. (2006). Attachment and spiritual development in childhood and adolescence. In E. C. Roehlkepartain, P. E. King, L. Wagener, & P. L. Benson (Eds.), The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence (pp. 341–354). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, S. K., Sherritt, L. R., Holder, D. W., Kulig, J., Shrier, L. A., & Knight, J. R. (2008). Reliability and validity of the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality among adolescents. Journal of Religion & Health, 47, 438–457. doi:10.1007/s10943-007-9154-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hercik, J., Lewis, R., Myles, B., Gouvis, C., Zweig, J., Whitby, A., … McBride, E. (2005). Development of a guide to resources on faith-based organizations in criminal justice (Report No. 209350). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J. L. (1997). Trauma and recovery. New York, NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58, 64–74. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, D. R. (2006). A template for spiritual assessment: A review of the JCAHO requirements and guidelines for implementation (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations). Social Work, 51, 317–326. doi:10.1093/sw/51.4.317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B. R. (2004). Religious programs and recidivism among former inmates in prison fellowship programs: A long-term follow-up study. Justice Quarterly, 21, 329–354. doi:10.1080/07418820400095831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B. R. (2009). The role of religious institutions in responding to crime and delinquency. In P. B. Clarke (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of the sociology of religion (pp. 857–875). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B. R., De Li, S., Larson, D. B., & McCullough, M. (2000). A systematic review of the religiosity and delinquency literature: A research note. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 16, 32–52. doi:10.1177/1043986200016001003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, P. E., & Benson, P. L. (2006). Spiritual development and adolescent well-being and thriving. In E. C. Roehlkepartain, P. E. King, L. Wagener, & P. L. Benson (Eds.), The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence (pp. 384–398). Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lambie, I., Seymour, F., Lee, A., & Adams, P. (2002). Resiliency in the victim-offender cycle in male sexual abuse. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14, 31–48. doi:10.1177/107906320201400103

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, R., Drebing, C., Berg, G., Vincellette, A., & Penk, W. (1998). The long term impact of child abuse on religious behavior and spirituality in men. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 369–380. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00003-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Letourneau, E. J., & Miner, M. H. (2005). Juvenile sex offenders: A case against the legal and clinical status quo. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 17, 293–312. doi:10.1177/107906320501700304

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, W. R., & Thoresen, C. E. (2003). Spirituality, religion, and health: An emerging research field. American Psychologist, 58, 24–35. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozorak, E. W. (1989). Social and cognitive influences on the development of religious beliefs and commitment in adolescence. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 448–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2005). Religion and meaning. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 295–314). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, L. D., & Haynie, D. L. (2004). Intergenerational religious dynamics and adolescent delinquency. Social Forces, 82, 1553–1572. doi:10.1353/sof.2004.0089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrunik, M. G. (2002). Managing unacceptable risk: Sex offenders, community response, and social policy in the United States and Canada. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 46, 483–511. doi:10.1177/0306624X02464009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Regnerus, M. D. (2003). Linked lives, faith, and behavior: Intergenerational religious influence on adolescent delinquency. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 189–203. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Regnerus, M. D., & Elder, G. H. (2003). Staying on track in school: Religious influences in high- and low-risk settings. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 633–649. doi:10.1046/j.1468-5906.2003.00208.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rich, P. (2003). Understanding, assessing and rehabilitating juvenile offenders. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, P. L. (1998). An exploration of the spirituality of fifty women who survived childhood violence. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 30, 87–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J. P., & Testa, M. F. (2005). Child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency: Investigating the role of placement and placement instability. Children and Youth Services Review, 27, 227–249. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.05.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shoemaker, D. J. (2009). Juvenile delinquency. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, J. W., Cnaan, R. A., & Gelles, R. J. (2007). Adolescent risk behaviors and religion: Findings from a national study. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 231–249. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.02.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. (2003). Theorizing religious effects among American adolescents. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 17–30. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-00158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C., & Denton, M. L. (2005). Soul searching: The religious and spiritual lives of American teenagers. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C., & Faris, R. (2002). Religion and American adolescent delinquency, risk behaviors and constructive social activities: A research report of the National Study of Youth and Religion (Research Report No. 1). Retrieved http://www.youthandreligion.org/publications/docs/RiskReport1.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, H. N., & Sickmund, M. (2006). Juvenile offenders and victims: 2006 national report. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperry, L., & Shafranske, E. P. (2005). Addressing the spiritual dimension in psychotherapy: Introduction and overview. In L. Sperry & E. P. Shafranske (Eds.), Spiritually oriented psychotherapy (pp. 11–29). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, L., & Feinauer, L. L. (1993). Resilience factors associated with female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. American Journal of Family Therapy, 21, 216–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, D. F., Reid, H. R., O’Neill, T., & Brown, L. (2009). Changes in personal religion/spirituality during and after childhood abuse: A review and synthesis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1, 130–145. doi:10.1037/a0016211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, A. J., Flannelly, L. T., Garbarino, J., Figley, C. R., & Flannelly, K. J. (2003). A systematic review of research on religion and spirituality in the Journal of Traumatic Stress: 1990-1999. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 6, 215–228. doi:10.1080/1367467031000088123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widom, C. S. (2001). Child abuse and neglect. In S. O. White (Ed.), Handbook of youth justice (pp. 31–47). New York; NY: Kluwer Academic.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Widom, C. S., & Ames, A. M. (1994). Criminal consequences of childhood sexual victimization. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18, 303–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M. S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G. … Kadar, J. L. (1997). Religion and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36, 549–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Annemarie Gockel.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gockel, A., Burton, D. Can God Help? Religion and Spirituality among Adolescent Male Sex Offenders. Journ Child Adol Trauma 6, 274–286 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/19361521.2013.836584

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19361521.2013.836584

Keywords

Navigation