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The Cause and Affect of Asking Questions: Reflective Case Studies from Undergraduate Sciences

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Abstract

This paper is part of a range of studies that seek to improve classroom interactions to promote good teaching and learning in science education, in this case undergraduate chemistry. Here we focus upon learning through questioning and deal with some of the mechanisms of students’ question asking. All summaries of research in this field show that teaching through encouraging students to ask questions results in gains in comprehension and understanding, which can be tested in a variety of ways. Over time we have amassed evidence that questions aid the structuring of learning through clarification of intent, fact finding, improving grasp of principles, and clarifying the explicit and tacit organization of learning to be done. We have tackled four forms of interaction between question asking and attendant emotions: within internal processes, on the social production of questions, on the subject matter of questions, and on the outcomes of question asking. We use examples from a range of our own studies to illustrate these interactions, culminating in four student case studies where students had the opportunity to set out reflective questions concerning their learning and their involvement with their chemistry courses. Within these studies, we have also provided illustrations of the ’iterative duality’ of questions, as both stimuli for and outcomes of variation and change in students’ thinking.

Sommaire exécutif

Cet article fait partie d’une série d’études visant à améliorer les interactions dans la salle de classe, afin de promouvoir la qualité de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage en enseignement des sciences, et dans ce cas en particulier de faciliter „l’orchestration” de bons cours de chimie au premier cycle universitaire. Depuis plusieurs années, nous explorons les formes et les fonctions qui caractérisent les questions posées par les apprenants au cours des activités d’apprentissage et d’enseignement dans le cadre des systèmes formels d’enseignement des sciences. Dans cet article, nous nous penchons sur deux questions principales: l’interrelation entre les questionnements et les affects, et la „ dualité itérative ” des questionnements, qui sont à la fois le point de départ et le résultat d’une variation et d’une évolution dans la pensée des étudiants. Dans nos travaux, nous nous intéressons également au rôle que jouent les émotions dans l’apprentissage, et dans le présent article nous unissons ces deux objectifs. Nous estimons que les affects jouent quatre rôles dans le questionnement, où les émotions ont un impact sur: (a) les processus internes au fur et à mesure que les étudiants cherchent à comprendre, (b) la production sociale de questions au sein de petits ou de grands groupes, (c) le contenu des questions et (d) les résultats obtenus grâce aux questions posées. Nos travaux antérieurs nous ont permis de mettre au point une taxonomie des types de questions, dont l’un est le questionnement de type réfléchi - lié aux problèmes de jugement, aux principes qui guident les actions, à l’expression des sentiments, à l’analyse des croyances et à la remise en question de certaines idées. Nous explorons les façons dont les questionnements peuvent provoquer la perplexité et la curiosité et comment le doute et la perplexité peuvent à leur tour générer des questions. Entre d’autres mots, nous cherchons à comprendre de quelles façons les questions sont elles-mêmes sources d’autres questions. Dans notre méthode de recherche, nous nous servons souvent d’entrevues, de récits d’étudiants et d’études de cas. Nous utilisons des exemples tirés des différentes études que nous avons réalisées pour illustrer ces interactions, et nous terminons avec quatre études de cas où les étudiants ont l’occasion de proposer des questions de réflexion au sujet de leur apprentissage et de leur participation à leurs cours. Ces quatre étudiants, inscrits à différents cours du premier cycle en chimie, illustrent certaines des nombreuses complexités liées à la génération des questionnements à ce niveau.

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Watts, M., de Jesus, H.P. The Cause and Affect of Asking Questions: Reflective Case Studies from Undergraduate Sciences. Can J Sci Math Techn 5, 437–452 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1080/14926150509556674

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