Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Frank Altschul, Lazard Freres, and the Council on Foreign Relations: The Evolution of a Transatlantic Thinker

  • Published:
Journal of Transatlantic Studies Aims and scope

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. See Allan Nevins, Herbert H. Lehman and His Era, New York, 1963

    Google Scholar 

  2. Cary Reich, Financier: The Biography of André Meyer, New York, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  3. Laurence H. Shoup and William Minter, Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy, New York, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  4. Peter Grose, Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, New York, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  5. Robert D. Schulzinger, The Wise Men of Foreign Affairs: The History of the Council on Foreign Relations, New York, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  6. Michael Wala, The Council on Foreign Relations and American Policy in the Early Cold War, Oxford, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Charles Altschul to Editor, Toronto Globe, July 14, 1918, File James T. Shotwell, Charles Altschul Papers, Lehman Suite, Columbia University, New York; Nevins, Herbert H. Lehman, pp. 29, 51.

    Google Scholar 

  8. See Priscilla Roberts, ‘A Conflict of Loyalties: Kuhn, Loeb & Company and the First World War, 1914–1917’, Studies in the American Jewish Experience, II, eds. Jacob R. Marcus and Abraham J. Peck, Cincinnati and Washington, DC, 1984, pp. 1–32, 169–182.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Charles Altschul to Paul Hammerschlag, January 23, March 22, 1915, May 3, 1920, January 10, 1921, February 16, 1927, and no date [1919 or 1920], Files Paul Hammerschlag 1914–1919, 1920–1922, 1926–1927, Charles Altschul Papers; Charles Altschul to Willy Altschul, March 11, 1915, File Willy Altschul, Charles Altschul Papers; Charles Altschul to Carl Heyman, February 27, March 12, April 3, 1915, File Carl Heyman, Charles Altschul Papers; Charles Altschul to Frank Altschul, December 21, 1925, File Frank Altschul, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul, ‘The War Guilt Controversy,’ Current History (June 1926), copy in Writings File, Charles Altschul Papers.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Altschul to Arthur Goodhart, January 8, 1923, File Arthur Goodhart, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul to Mr. Berrien, January 18, 1921, File Letters and Articles About Europe’s Debt, Charles Altschul Papers. Eugene Meyer, later the proprietor of The Washington Post and another scion of the Lazard Frères San Francisco banking families, shared this perspective, which seems to have drawn heavily on the navalist outlook of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan. Eugene Meyer, oral history interviews, January 6, 1952, p. 59, January 7, 1952, p. 66, February 3, 1952, pp. 170–171, 212–214, draft oral histories, Eugene Meyer Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts Division, Washington, DC.

  11. Altschul, notes on Germany, 1917 or 1918, Writings File, Charles Altschul Papers; material in File Guy Ford, Charles Altschul Papers; Charles Altschul, German Militarism and Its Critics, Washington, DC, 1918.

  12. Charles Altschul, The American Revolution in Our School Textbooks, New York, 1917; Roosevelt to Altschul, September 8, 1917, Northcliffe to Altschul, October 18, 1917, Bryce to Altschul, January 9, 1918, File Letters re the American Revolution, Charles Altschul Papers.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Altschul to Frank Simonds, December 8, 1918, File Frank Simonds, Charles Altschul Papers.

  14. Altschul to André Lazard, January 10, 1921, File Lazard, Charles Altschul Papers.

  15. On this distinction among United States internationalists of the First World War and interwar period, see Priscilla Roberts, ‘The Anglo-American Theme: American Visions of an Atlantic Alliance, 1914–1933,’ Diplomatic History, 21 (1997), pp. 333–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Nicholas J. Cull, ‘Selling Peace: The Origins, Promotion and Fate of the Anglo-American New Order During World War II,’ Diplomacy and Statecraft, 7 (1996), pp. 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Altschul to James T. Shotwell, March 15, 1919, File James T. Shotwell, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul to ‘E’, February 18, 1919, File E Miscellaneous, Charles Altschul Papers.

  18. Altschul to ‘E’, February 18, 1919, File E Miscellaneous, Charles Altschul Papers.

  19. Altschul to Simonds, December 2, 1918, File Frank H. Simonds, Charles Altschul Papers; see also Altschul to ‘E’, February 18, 1919, File Miscellaneous E, Charles Altschul Papers.

  20. Altschul to Shotwell, March 19, November 11, 1919, File James T. Shotwell, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul to Simonds, March 6, September 9, 1919, File Frank H. Simonds, Charles Altschul Papers.

  21. Altschul to Berrien, January 18, 1921, File Letters and Articles About Europe’s Debt, Charles Altschul Papers.

  22. Altschul to Goodhart, January 8, 1923, File Arthur Goodhart, Charles Altschul Papers.

  23. Altschul to André Lazard, January 10, 1921, File Lazard, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul, ‘Europe’s Debt and Our Own,’ New York Times, February 6, 1921, File Letters and Articles about Europe’s Debt, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul, ‘A Plea for Cancellation,’ Current History (July 1927), copy in Writings File, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul to James G. McDonald, March 16, 1925, File James G. McDonald, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul to Goodhart, January 8, 1923, File Arthur Goodhart, Charles Altschul Papers.

  24. Charles Altschul to McDonald, March 16, 1925, File James G. McDonald, Charles Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Goodhart, January 8, 1923, File Arthur Goodhart, Charles Altschul Papers.

  25. Charles Altschul to McDonald, March 16, 1925, File James G. McDonald, Charles Altschul Papers.

  26. Frank Altschul, notes for Yale alumni group, c. 1928, Series Writings By and About Frank Altschul, Frank Altschul Papers, Lehman Suite, Columbia University, New York [hereafter Altschul Papers]. It was probably symptomatic of Altschul’s fundamentally private and reserved nature that, apart from his father, he corresponded most extensively with his two brothers-in-law, Herbert Lehman and Arthur Goodhart.

  27. Altschul to Anthony Nutting, December 6, 1955, File Ni-Nu, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  28. Altschul to Charles Saltzmann, January 29, 1963, English-Speaking Union, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  29. Altschul to Charles Saltzmann, January 29, 1963, English-Speaking Union, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  30. Altschul to George Ball, October 4, 1962, File Bab-Bal, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul, speech introducing Lord Salter, c. 1956, File Sa-Saz, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  31. Frank Altschul, notes for Yale alumni group, c. 1928, Series Writings By and About Frank Altschul, Altschul Papers.

  32. See Frank Altschul’s lifelong correspondence with Brand, Files Robert H. Brand, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; and the extensive correspondence between Brand and Charles and Frank Altschul scattered through the Robert H. Brand Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford University, Oxford, England. Although there is no biography of Brand, he features prominently in James Fox, The Langhorne Sisters, London, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  33. Norman Rose, The Cliveden Set: Portrait of an Exclusive Fraternity, London, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  34. Alexander C. May, ‘The Round Table, 1910–66,’ D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; and

    Google Scholar 

  35. Andrea Bosco and Alexander May, eds., The Round Table, the Empire/Commonwealth, and British Foreign Policy, London, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Altschul, ‘Exchange Situation/memorandum presented to the French ministry of finance, January 24, 1924, Altschul, memorandum, ‘En étudiant l’opportunité,’ no date but clearly 1924, two other draft memoranda, possibly by Altschul, probably for French government’s use, 1924, Christian Lazard to Altschul, February 26, March 18, 19, 29, 1924, Altschul to Lazard, March 13, 1924, File Christian Lazard, Altschul Papers; H. Clark Johnson, Gold, France, and the Great Depression, 1919–1932, New Haven, Connecticut, 1997, p. 79

    Google Scholar 

  37. Stephen Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe: The Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1976, pp. 104–106, 111, 114–115, 117–120

    Google Scholar 

  38. Anne Sabouret, MM Lazard Fréres: Une saga de la fortune, Paris, 1987, pp. 67–72

    Google Scholar 

  39. Barry Eichengreen, Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939, New York, 1992, pp. 176–178

    Google Scholar 

  40. Charles S. Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War 1, Princeton, 1975, pp. 460–461.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Christian Lazard to Altschul, August 27, 1924, Altschul to Lazard, September 15, 1924, File Christian Lazard, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; on this issue see also Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe, pp. 153, 289–294.

  42. Laurent Chemineau, l’Incroyable Histoire de Lazard Frères: La Banque qui Règne sur le Monde des Affaires, Paris, 1998, p. 32.

    Google Scholar 

  43. On Europe’s economic recovery of the 1920s and the role that American financiers played therein, see especially Ron Chernow, The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance, New York, 1990, pp. 270–359

    Google Scholar 

  44. Stephen V.O. Clarke, Central Bank Cooperation, 1924–1931, New York, 1967; Eichengreen, Golden Fetters

    Google Scholar 

  45. Michael J. Hogan, Informal Entente: The Private Structure of Cooperation in Anglo-American Economic Diplomacy, 1918–1928, Columbia, Missouri, 1977, chaps. 1–5

    Google Scholar 

  46. Melvyn P. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America’s Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919–1933, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1979, chaps. 2–5

    Google Scholar 

  47. William C. McNeil, American Money and the Weimar Republic: Economics and Politics on the Eve of the Great Depression, New York, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  48. Richard Hemmig Meyer, Bankers ‘Diplomacy: Monetary Stabilization in the Twenties, New York, 1970; Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  49. See Hamilton Fish Armstrong Files, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; the voluminous Council on Foreign Relations Files, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; Files Frank Altschul, Box 2, Hamilton Fish Armstrong Papers, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscripts Library, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; and the works by Wala, Shoup and Minter, Schulzinger, and Grose previously cited in note 1.

  50. Altschul to William C. Grace, n. d. [July or August 1921], File 87, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  51. See Norman H. Davis to Grace, August 16, 1921, Herbert S. Houston to Grace, August 19, 1921, Fred I. Kent to Grace, August 11, 1921, File 87, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; Isaiah Bowman to Grace, August 13, 1921, File 25, Isaiah Bowman, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Archibald C. Coolidge to Grace, August 11, 1921, File 44, Archibald C. Coolidge, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Hamilton Holt to Grace, August 11, 1921, File 98, Hamilton Holt, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  52. See the very extensive files on the Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  53. Altschul to Franklin D. Roosevelt, October 4, 1932, File 176, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; also Herbert Lehman Files, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  54. See Altschul, unfinished letter to Lehman, n.d., File 128, Herbert Lehman, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul, draft portions of Roosevelt speech, n.d. [1932], and November 1, 1932, Writings and Speeches File, Altschul Papers; correspondence in Files 176, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and File 151, Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; and File 359, Raymond Moley, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  55. Altschul to Moley, July 20, 1934, September 17, 1934 [not sent], File 359, Raymond C. Moley, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  56. Altschul to Alfred M. Landon, January 30, 1936, File 51, Alfred M. Landon, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul, Memorandum re Visit to Kansas City and Topeka, February 10, 1936, File 93, 1936 Campaign, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  57. See correspondence in File 51, Alfred M. Landon, Political Series, Altschul Papers, and File 124, Alfred M. Landon, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  58. Altschul to John Hamilton, August 30, 1937, File 37, John H. Hamilton, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  59. Altschul to Glenn Frank, August 27, 1938, File 73, Glenn Frank, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul, ‘Revolution by Inadvertence,’ May 1937, Altschul, ‘The Challenge to Republican Leadership,’ August 26, 1938, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers; three clippings from New York Mirror, October 1938, File Frank Altschul Clippings, 1938–1961, Writings and Speeches File, Altschul Papers; draft report, 1938, and other papers and memoranda, Files 113 and 114, Republican Program Committee, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  60. Altschul to Guy Gabrielson, December 13, 1949, File 108, Republican Party-Republican National Committee, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  61. See Files Robert H. Brand, David David-Weill, Pierre David-Weill, Arthur Goodhart, Sir Robert Kindersley, Lazard Frères Partners and Family, A. D. Marris, André Meyer, and Granville Tyser, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  62. Altschul to Henry A. Bubb, March 17, 1939, File Jews and Judaism 1937–1945 B-F, Subject Files, Altschul Papers.

  63. Reich, Financier, pp. 39–41. Correspondence relating to Altschul’s assistance and support for such refugees is scattered through his General Correspondence and Catalogued Correspondence Files.

  64. Altschul, second draft of memorandum or speech, April 1940, Notes and Memoranda re World War II, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.

  65. Altschul to Samuel F. Pryor, Jr., September 20, 1939, File 64, Samuel F. Pryor, Jr., Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  66. Altschul to Congressman Charles A. Halleck, February 6, 1939, File 35, Charles A. Halleck, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  67. Altschul to Landon, September 27, 1939, File 124, Alfred M. Landon, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Stimson, October 31, 1939, Stimson to Altschul, October 31, 1939, File Herbert H. Lehman, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  68. Altschul to Roosevelt, May 17, 1940, File 176, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  69. Altschul to Herbert Lehman, May 18, 1940, File 128, Herbert Lehman, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  70. See File 223, Michael Huxley, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  71. Altschul to Dorothy Thompson, July 15, 1940, File 208, Dorothy Thompson, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Brand to Altschul, March 15, July 9, 1940, Altschul to Brand, April 3, 1940, File Robert H. Brand, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  72. Altschul to Walter S. Hallanan, August 10, 1939, File 34, Walter Hallanan, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul to James H. Douglas, Jr., April 22, 1940, File 23, James H. Douglas, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Robert H. Fleming, June 19, 1950, File 82, Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Steve Neal, Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie, Garden City, New York, 1984, pp. 53–54.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Altschul to editor, New York Times, August 17, 1939, File Letters to Editor, Writings and Speeches File, Altschul Papers.

  74. See Correspondence in Files 80 and 81, Wendell Willkie 1940, Political Series, Altschul Papers, quotation from Altschul to Horace W. Davis, May 7, 1940, File 80, Wendell Willkie A-L 1940; correspondence in File 47, William S. Howe, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  75. See correspondence in File 79 Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  76. William A. White to Altschul, September 3, 1940, File 5, General Correspondence T-Z, Political File, Altschul Papers.

  77. Altschul to Willkie, September 4, 1940, File 79, Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  78. Altschul, ‘Memorandum of Conversation with Wendell L. Willkie,’ November 30, 1940, File 79, Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  79. Altschul to Willkie, December 12, 1940, File 79, Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  80. Altschul, speech, no date [1941], Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.

  81. Altschul to James B. Conant and Lewis Douglas, December 13, 1940, Altschul to Roosevelt, December 30, 1940, File 67, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  82. Altschul, ‘Telephone Conversation with Wendell L. Willkie (Hobe Sound, Florida),’ December 30, 1940, File 79, Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  83. Kindersley to Altschul, March 26, 1941, File Sir Robert Kindersley, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  84. Altschul to Alan Valentine, February 13, 1941, File Alan Valentine, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  85. Altschul, speech to Kiwanis Club, July 2, 1941, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.

  86. Frank Altschul, Let No Wave Engulf Us: A Challenge to Moderates, New York, 1941; also clippings from New York Herald Tribune, April 27, 1941, and PM, April 23, 1941, Writings and Speeches File, Altschul Papers.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Altschul’s Secretary to Styles Bridges, March 31, 1943, File 15, Styles Bridges, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  88. Altschul to Arthur H. Vandenberg, January 15, 1945, File 75, Arthur H. Vandenberg, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Charles A. Halleck, April 21, 1948, File 36, Charles A. Halleck, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Dean Rusk, November 5, 1964, File 182, Dean Rusk, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Joseph E. Johnson, April 18, 1958, and other materials in Council on Foreign Relations-Discussion Group on The United Nations and U.S. Foreign Policy 1958, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  89. Altschul, ‘Wise Statesmanship Needed in the Post-War World,’ letter published in The New York Times, December 20, 1942, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.

  90. Altschul to Hamilton, May 12, 1943, File 38, John Hamilton, Political Series, Altschul Papers; see also Altschul to Frederick S. Dunn, March 18, 1943, Altschul to William T. R. Fox, July 5, 1944, File Yale University, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  91. Altschul to Eleanor Roosevelt, February 17, 1943, enclosing ‘Memorandum in Regard to Post War Exchange Stabilization,’ February 17, 1943, File Stabilization, Subject File, Altschul Papers.

  92. Altschul to Jeidels, April 2, 1945, File Otto Jeidels, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to H. Alexander Smith, March 19, 23, 1945, File 72, H. Alexander Smith, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  93. Charles Seymour to Arthur Ballantine, November 19, 1942, File Yale University, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  94. Altschul to Seymour, February 9, March 6, 1944, File Yale University, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  95. Altschul, ‘The Chance of Our Lifetime,’ December 31, 1942, Writings and Speeches File, Altschul Papers.

  96. Altschul to Jeidels, December 27, 1943, May 1, 1944, File Otto Jeidels, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers, quotation from second letter cited.

  97. Altschul to Grayson L. Kirk, April 17, 1944, File Yale University, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  98. Altschul to Luce, September 27, 1943, File 136, Henry Luce, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Clare Boothe Luce, June 29, 1943, File 135, Clare Boothe Luce, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  99. Altschul to Willkie, October 8, 1941, January 16, 1942, File 82, Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  100. Altschul to Willkie, November 19, 1942, File 82 Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers. In 1944 Altschul refused to back Willkie’s renewed campaign for the Republican nomination. Altschul to Willkie, April 10, 1944, File 82, Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Neal, Dark Horse, pp. 225–226.

  101. Altschul to William Stuart Howe, January 23, 1942, File Hor-Howe, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  102. Altschul to John B. Hollister, June 8, 1943, File 45, John B. Hollister, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  103. Altschul to Dewey, September 8, 16, 1943, File 50, Thomas E. Dewey, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  104. Altschul to Jeidels, November 6, 1944, also Altschul to Jeidels, October 13, 1944, File Otto Jeidels, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  105. Altschul to Vandenberg, June 2, 1947, File Va-Ve, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; see also File Arthur H. Vandenberg, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  106. Priscilla Roberts, ‘Underpinning the Anglo-American Alliance: The Council on Foreign Relations and Britain between the Wars,’ in Twentieth-Century Anglo-American Relations, ed. Jonathan Hollowell, London, 2001, pp. 25–43; also

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  107. Council on Foreign Relations, The Council on Foreign Relations: A Record of Twenty-Five Years, New York, 1947, p. 45.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Council on Foreign Relations, ‘Anglo-American Relations: Recent British Press Comment,’ December 15, 1928, Council on Foreign Relations Files, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

    Google Scholar 

  109. R. Gordon Wasson, ‘Frank Altschul 1887–1981,’ Century Association Yearbook 1982, New York, 1982, p. 205.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Altschul to Bayless Manning, May 3, 1972, File 134, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  111. Altschul to Walter Mallory, July 11, 1945, File 87, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  112. See Council on Foreign Relations Files, Organizations Series, Altschul Papers.

  113. See Writings and Speeches Files, Altschul Papers.

  114. See Altschul’s correspondence with Kennan, Kissinger, Morgenthau, Niebuhr, Nitze, and Wolfers, in the Catalogued Correspondence and General Correspondence Files, Altschul Papers. On the Realist tradition, see also Michael Joseph Smith, Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  115. Joel H. Rosenthal, Righteous Realists: Political Realism, Responsible Power, and American Culture in the Nuclear Age, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  116. Greg Russell, Hans J. Morgenthau and the Ethics of American Statecraft, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Wala, Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 30–46; Schulzinger, Wise Men of Foreign Affairs, pp. 81–112; Grose, Continuing the Inquiry, pp. 23–26; Shoup and Minter, Imperial Brain Trust, pp. 117–177; Council on Foreign Relations, The Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 15–24.

  118. William Edward Dietz to members of the Study Group on Postwar Economic and Financial Problems, and enclosures, December 15, 1942, digest of meeting on Postwar Economic Problems Common to the United States and Great Britain, October 29, 1943, File Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  119. Altschul to Dietz, September 28, 1943, and enclosure, ‘Study Program 1943–1944: United States Interests and the Post-War World,’ September 28, 1943, File Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  120. Minutes of Fifty-Second Meeting of the Political Group, March 26, 1945, Altschul, ‘Anglo-American Solidarity in the Post-War World,’ July 12, 1945, File Council on Foreign Relations-War-Peace Studies, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; Altschul, Memorandum for Mr. Armstrong, July 20, 1945, File Frank Altschul, Box 2, Armstrong Papers; Wala, Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 67–68 n. 27.

  121. Altschul to William Schubart, May 20, June 10, 1946, File Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group on United States Relations with Russia, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; Draft report by Franklin, n.d. [1946], File USSR, Subject Files, Altschul Papers; Wala, Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 57–76; Schulzinger, Wise Men of Foreign Affairs, pp. 115–122; Grose, Continuing the Inquiry, pp. 30–35.

  122. Wala, Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 76–89; Grose, Continuing the Inquiry, pp. 35–38.

  123. Altschul, letter to the editor, published in New York Tribune, September 16, 1947, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.

  124. See File 113, George F. Kennan, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  125. Quotation from Altschul, introduction at first meeting of European Recovery Program group, December 17, 1947, File 88, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; these groups’deliberations are also covered in the relevant Council on Foreign Relations Files, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  126. Wala, Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 91–139, 153–169; Grose, Continuing the Inquiry, pp. 38–39.

  127. Wala, Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 91–139, quotation from p. 106.

  128. Altschul to Kennan, July 8, 1948, File 113, George Kennan, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  129. Altschul to Kennan, October 18, 1948, File 113, George Kennan, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Editor, New York Times, published July 25, 1948, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.

  130. Altschul to Granville Tyser, March 13, 1946, File Granville Tyser, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers. 110 Altschul to Kenneth S. Wherry, March 13, 1946, File 5, General Correspondence T-Z, Political Series, Altschul Papers. 111 Altschul to Halleck, July 6, 1946, File 36, Charles A. Halleck, Political Series, Altschul Papers.

  131. Altschul to H. Alexander Smith, March 15, 1947, File Si-Sm, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Alexander Sachs, August 26, 1947, File Alexander Sachs, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Brand to Altschul, November 18, 1947, Altschul to Brand, March 3, 1948, File Robert H. Brand, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Halleck, December 30, 1947, File 36, Charles A. Halleck, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Michael Wala, ‘Selling the Marshall Plan at Home: The Committee for the Marshall Plan to Aid European Recovery,’ Diplomatic History, 10 (1986), pp. 247–265; Wala, Continuing the Inquiry, pp. 190–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Altschul to Walter N. Maguire, May 28, 1948, File Maa-Mal, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  133. Altschul to Brand, July 13, 1948, File Robert H. Brand, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  134. Altschul to Owen D. Roberts, March 5, 1949, File Roa-Rob, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Elmo Roper, June 13, 1949, File 178, Elmo Roper, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  135. Altschul to Spencer Phoenix, July 26, 1951, File Pf-Pi, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  136. See, e.g., Altschul to Ralph E. Flanders, April 27, July 23, 1949, File 70, Ralph Flanders, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  137. Altschul to DeWitt Clinton Poole, June 20, 1951, and enclosed excerpt from radio broadcast, File 520, National Committee for a Free Europe-Radio Free Europe, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  138. Altschul, Memorandum to Members of Study Group on Economic Policy, November 21, 1949, Altschul, Memorandum for the Study Group on Foreign Economic Policy, January 24, 1950, Altschul to Gordon Gray, April 3, 1950, File Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group on Economic Policy 1949–1950, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  139. Altschul, ‘The Current Crisis: A Statement of the Committee on International Policy of the National Planning Association,’ Special Report No. 27, August 8, 1950, File 590, National Planning Association Pamphlets, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  140. Altschul to Wayne Morse, December 19, 1950, File 153, Wayne Morse, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; on the Committee for the Present Danger, see also Jerry Wayne Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis: The Committee on the Present Danger and the Politics of Containment, Boston, Massachusetts, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  141. Benjamin O. Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus: The Political Economy of U.S. National Security Policy, 1949-51, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1998, p. 45.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  142. See Committee for a United Europe-Radio Free Europe Files, Organization Files, Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Harold E. Rider, October 21, 1969, File Rh-Ri, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  143. Altschul to Cecily Goodhart, March 31, 1950, File Arthur and Cecily Goodhart, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; on Radio Free Europe, see also Sig Mickelson, America’s Other Voice: The Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Free Liberty, New York, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  144. Gregory Mitrovich, Undermining the Kremlin: America’s Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947–1956, Ithaca, New York, 2000, pp. 21–23; Wala, Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 215–216

    Google Scholar 

  145. Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945–1961, New York, 1997, pp. 59–63.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Wasson, ‘Frank Altschul 1887–1981,’ p. 206.

  147. Altschul to Beardsley Ruml, July 10, 1947, File 181, Beardsley Ruml, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  148. Altschul to Thomas E. Stephens, August 14, September 16, 1952, Altschul to Editor, Stamford Advocate, October 27, 1952, Altschul to Editor, New York Times, October 28, 1952, File 28, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul to R. Gordon Wasson, October 3, 1952, File R. Gordon Wasson, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  149. Altschul to Elmer Rice, April 13, 1953, File Rh-Ri, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  150. Altschul to Margaret Chase Smith, May 11, 1953, File 193, Margaret Chase Smith, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  151. Altschul to Joseph Alsop, September 21, 1954, Altschul to Oppenheimer, January 5, 1955, File Robert Oppenheimer, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to editor, New York Times, January 9, 1958, File 377, Nea-Nez, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  152. Altschul to Philip D. Reed, June 17, 1954, File 28, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul to James Grafton Rogers, February 11, 1954, File Roc-Roo, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  153. Altschul to Anthony Nutting, December 6, 1955, File Ni-Nu, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  154. Altschul to Jan Mladek, November 26, 1956, File Jan Mladek, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Sir Berkeley Ormerod, January 31, 1962, File Berkeley Ormerod, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  155. Altschul, ‘Reflections on Suez,’ 1956, Writings and Speeches File, Altschul Papers.

  156. Altschul to Henry M. Wriston, October 28, 1959, File 357, Council on Foreign Relations-Report to Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  157. Altschul to Dudley A. White, August 4, 1953, File Dudley A. White, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  158. Altschul, memorandum, August 1953, File 138, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.

  159. Altschul, ‘America’s New Economic Role,’ Foreign Affairs, 31 (1953), pp. 392–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Altschul to Tracy S. Voorhees, June 10, 1953, and enclosed memorandum, June 10, 1953, File Committee on the Present Danger, Subject File, Altschul Papers.

  161. ‘The Outlook after the Two Geneva Conferences — A Note of Warning: A Policy Statement by the Members of the Members of the Committee on International Policy of the National Planning Association,’ Special Report 38, December 1955, File 590, National Planning Association, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  162. Altschul to John J. McCloy, July 2, 1954, File 361, Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group on Soviet American Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers. See also, ‘American Policy in the New Phase of the Cold War,’ A Joint Statement by Members of the Board of Trustees and the Agriculture, Business, Labor, and International Committees of the National Planning Association adopted at the Twentieth Anniversary Joint Meeting, Washington, D.C., December 14, 1954, Special Report No. 35, January 1955, File 590, National Planning Association, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  163. Altschul to Arnold Wolfers, November 19, 1956, File Arnold Wolfers, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  164. Altschul to Kissinger, October 19, 1956, File 120, Henry Kissinger, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  165. Altschul to Ann Whitman, November 14, 1957, File Ann Whitman, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  166. Altschul et al. to Eisenhower, October 8, 1957, File 586, National Planning Association Correspondence, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  167. On the Gaither Committee, see David L. Snead, The Gaither Committee, Eisenhower, and the Cold War, Columbus, Ohio, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Altschul to Whitman, December 24, 1958, File Ann Whitman, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; ‘An Adequate Military Shield for U.S. Foreign Policy’, Special Report No. 51, December 1958, File 590, National Planning Association, Organizational File, Altschul Papers.

  169. See Files Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group on Soviet-American Relations, 1953–1955, and Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group on The United States and the Soviet Union, 1958, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  170. See File Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; and correspondence in File 173, Nelson A. Rockefeller, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  171. Stamford Forum for World Affairs, ‘Some Recommendations for Long-Range Policy Planning,’ October 1959, File Stamford Forum on World Affairs, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  172. Altschul to Chester Bowles, January 19, 1960, also Altschul to Bowles, February 24, March 15, 1960, File 24, Chester Bowles, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  173. Altschul to Bowles, June 15, 1960, File 24, Chester Bowles, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  174. Altschul to William H. Vanderbilt, October 12, 1960, File William H. Vanderbilt, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Bowles, September 16, 1960, File 24, Chester Bowles, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  175. Altschul to Kennedy, January 30, 1961, File 114, John F. Kennedy, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Arthur J. Freund, February 7, 1961, File Arthur J. Freund, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; ‘The National Peril,’ A Statement by the NPA International Committee, 1961, File 590, National Planning Association, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; ‘U.S. Said to Face Greatest Threat,’ New York Times, January 9, 1961, Clippings File, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.

  176. On the latter point, see Smith, Realist Thought; Rosenthal, Righteous Realists; Russell, Hans J. Morgenthau.

  177. Altschul to Kissinger, October 19, 1956, File 120, Henry Kissinger, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; on this group, see also File 337, Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group on Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  178. Altschul, memorandum, spring 1959, Altschul to John Campbell, October 14, 1959, File 357, Council on Foreign Relations-Report to Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  179. Altschul, ‘Reflections on Disarmament in the Light of the Arden House Conference,’ May 11, 1961, File Disarmament, Subject Files, Altschul Papers.

  180. Altschul to Armstrong, July 1, 1961, File 114, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  181. Altschul to Kennedy, September 25, 1961, File 114, John F. Kennedy, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  182. Altschul to Margaret Chase Smith, September 29, 1961, File 193, Margaret Chase Smith, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  183. Altschul to Seligman, November 18, 1961, File 188, Eustace Seligman, Altschul Papers.

  184. Altschul to James Wechsler, November 16, 1961, File 218, James Wechsler, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  185. Altschul to Rusk, February 9, May 21, 1962, enclosing ten-page memorandum by Altschul, May 21, 1962, October 30, 1962, January 29, April 2, 1964, File 182, Dean Rusk, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  186. Altschul to Kissinger, November 15, 1962, File 120, Henry Kissinger, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul, ‘A Turning Point in History?,’ address to United States Reserve army officers, November 11, 1962, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.

  187. Altschul to Harlan van B. Cleveland, January 21, 1964, File Hudson Institute, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  188. Altschul, ‘Reflections on the Max Kohnstamm Dinner,’ December 7, 1966, File Disarmament, Subject File, Altschul Papers; also Altschul, memorandum, October 3, 1968, File 333, Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group Non-Nuclear Force in a Nuclear Age, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  189. Altschul to Editor, New York Times, August 22, 1973, File 63, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.

  190. Altschul to George McGovern, May 11, 1972, File 140, George McGovern, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  191. Altschul to Cleveland, January 21, 1964, File Hudson Institute, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  192. Altschul to Clarence Streit, February 13, 1953, File Clarence Streit, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  193. Altschul to Adolph Schmidt, March 11, 1963, File Sca-Sco, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  194. Altschul to Saltzmann, January 29, 1963, Altschul to Acheson, March 7, 1963, File English-Speaking Union, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  195. See the relevant Council on Foreign Relations files for 1962, 1963, 1964 and 1965, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  196. Altschul to William Foster, February 28, 1963, File Disarmament, Subject Files, Altschul Papers; see also Altschul to Archibald S. Alexander, April 9, 30, 1963, Foster to Altschul, March 13, 1963, Alexander to Altschul, April 11, 15, 30, May 7, November 27, 1963, File Disarmament, Subject Files, Altschul Papers; see also ‘A Suggested Letter from President Kennedy to Chairman Khrushchev,’ largely drafted by Altschul, 1963, minutes of the International Committee Meeting of the National Planning Association, January 15, 1963, draft of Possible NPA International Committee Statement on Keeping Western Initiative in World Affairs, December 28, 1962, File 587, National Planning Association, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; Proposed Steering Committee Statement on Restoring U.S. Freedom of Action on Domestic and International Economic Problems, May 2, 1963, Outline of Possible International Policy Committee Statement on the Outlook for United States-Soviet Relations, May 15, 1963, Revised Draft of NPA International Committee Policy Statement on Soviet Foreign Trade and Aid, May 20, 1963, File 588, National Planning Association, Organization Files, Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Norman Cousins, April 24, 1968, File 45, Norman Cousins, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  197. Altschul to Richard N. Gardner, December 4, 1963, File Richard N. Gardner, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  198. Altschul to Clinton S. Van Cise, December 17, 1964, File Clinton S. Van Cise, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  199. Altschul to Charles E. Osgood, December 27, 1965, File Om-Oz, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  200. Altschul to James P. Warburg, June 16, 1965, also Altschul to Warburg, January 10, 1967, March 19, 1968, File James P. Warburg, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  201. Altschul to Abbott M. Washburn, October 12, 1967, File Abbott M. Washburn, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; see also Altschul to Eugene McCarthy, November 8, 1967, File 137, Eugene McCarthy, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; for the evolution of Altschul’s thinking on Vietnam, see also his correspondence with Hans Morgenthau, File 367, Hans Morgenthau, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  202. File Council on Foreign Relations-Discussion Group on Vietnam’s Post-Conflict Prospects, and File Council on Foreign Relations-Ad Hoc Discussion Group on Vietnam, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  203. Altschul to William J. Barnds, October 23, 1968, File 319, Council on Foreign Relations-Discussion Group on Intelligence and Foreign Policy, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  204. Altschul to Ett May Van Tassel, December 30, 1969, File Va-Ve, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  205. Altschul to John B. Oakes, May 13, 1973, and enclosed memorandum, May 13, 1973, File John B. Oakes, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  206. Altschul to Mrs. Charles Denny, May 24, 1973, File Dea-Den, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  207. Altschul to Wendy Boardman, December 5, 1973, File Wendy Boardman, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Harriet Van Horne, October 12, 1972, April 3, 1973, February 26, 1974, File Va-Ve, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.

  208. Altschul to McGovern, August 13, 1972, File 57, George McGovern, Political Series, Altschul Papers; cf. Altschul to Marshall D. Shulman, February 18, 1971, File 347, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

  209. Altschul to Manning, September 11, 1973, also Altschul to Manning, September 20, 1973, File 136, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

    Priscilla Roberts

Authors
  1. Priscilla Roberts
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Research for this article was supported by funding from the Committee on Research and Conference Grants, University of Hong Kong. The author is particularly grateful for the comments received from Prof. Warren Kimball and others present at a session of the inaugural Conference of the Transatlantic Studies Association where an earlier version was presented.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Roberts, P. Frank Altschul, Lazard Freres, and the Council on Foreign Relations: The Evolution of a Transatlantic Thinker. J Transatl Stud 1, 175–213 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1080/14794010308656799

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14794010308656799

Search

Navigation