Summary
Since the 1960s, numerous studies on sugarcane plant regeneration have been reported. Essentially, successful culture and regeneration of plants from protoplasts, cells, callus, and various tissue and organs, have been achieved in this crop. Although plant regeneration from callus cultures had been reported since the 1960s, definitive proof of somatic embryo development was not available until 1983. Since then, considerable progress has been made in understanding and refining somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in sugarcane, for which development of an efficient embryogenic system was critical for the application of transgenic technology. Recent research in Australia and South Africa has led to the development of direct somatic embryogenic systems, which may improve transgenesis in sugarcane.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahloowalia, B. S.; Maretzki, A. Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in sugarcane. Plant Cell Rep. 2:21–25; 1983.
Barba, R.; Nickell, L. G. Nutrition and organ differentiation in tissue culture of sugarcane—a monocotyledon. Planta 89:299–302; 1969.
Blanco, M. D. A.; Nieves, N.; Sanchez, M.; Borroto, C. G.; Castillo, R.; Gonzalez, J. L.; Escalona, M.; Baez, E.; Hernandez, Z. Protein changes associated with plant regeneration in embryogenic calli of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 51:153–158; 1997.
Bower, R.; Birch, R. G. Transgenic sugarcane plants via microprojectile bombardment. Plant J. 2:409–416; 1992.
Brisibe, E. A.; Miyake, H.; Taniguchi, T.; Maeda, E. Regulation of somatic embryogenesis in long term callus cultures of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). New Phytol. 126:301–307; 1994.
Chen, W. H.; Davey, M. R.; Power, J. B.; Cocking, E. C. Control and maintenance of plant regeneration in sugarcane callus cultures. J. Exp. Bot. 39:251–261; 1988.
Chen, W. H.; Gartland, K. M. A.; Davey, M. R.; Sotak, R.; Gartland, J. S.; Mulligan, B. J.; Power, J. B.; Cocking, E. C. Transformation of sugarcane protoplasts by direct uptake of a selectable chimaeric gene. Plant Cell Rep. 6:297–301; 1987.
Chengalrayan, K.; Gallo-Meagher, M. Effect of various growth regulators on shoot regeneration of sugarcane. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 37:134–139; 2001.
Chowdhury, M. K. U.; Vasil, I. Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of hybrid sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 86:181–188; 1993.
Desai, N. S.; Suprasanna, P.; Bapat, V. A. Simple and reproducible protocol for direct somatic embryogenesis from cultured immature inflorescence segments of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Curr. Sci. 87:764–768; 2004.
Elliott, A. R.; Geijskes, R. J.; Lakshmanan, P.; M'Keon, M. G.; Wang, L. F.; Berding, N.; Grof, C. P. L.; Smith, G. R. Direct regeneration of transgenic sugarcane following microprojectile transformation of regenerable cells in thin transverse section explants. In: Vasil, I. F., ed. Proceedings of the Xth International Association Plant Culture Biotechnology. Orlando, June 23–28; 2002: P-1376 (Abstr.).
Evans, D. A.; Crocomo, O. J.; de Cavalco, M. T. V. Protoplast isolation and subsequent callus regeneration in sugarcane. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 98:355–358; 1980.
Falco, M. C.; Tulmann, N. A.; Ulian, C. Transformation and expression of a gene for herbicide resistance in Brazilian sugarcane. Plant Cell Rep. 19:1188–1194; 2000.
Finkle, B. J.; Ulrich, J. M. Effect of cryoprotectants in combination on the survival of frozen sugarcane cells. Plant Physiol. 63:598–604; 1979.
Finkle, B. J.; Ulrich, J. M. Cryprotectant removal temperature as a factor in the survival of frozen rice and sugarcane cells. Cryobiology 19:329–335; 1982.
Fitch, M. M. M.; Moore, P. H. Comparison of 2,4-D and picloram for selection of long-term totipotent green callus cultures of sugarcane. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult. 20:157–163; 1990.
Gallo-Meagher, M.; English, R. G.; Abouzid, A. Thidiazuron stimulates shoot regeneration of sugarcane embryogenic callus. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 36:37–40; 2000.
Gallo-Meagher, M.; Irvine, J. E. Herbicide resistant transgenic sugarcane plants containing the bar gene. Crop Sci. 36:1367–1374; 1996.
Geijskes, R. J.; Wan, L. F.; Lakshmanan, P.; McKeon, M. G.; Berding, N.; Swain, R. S.; Elliott, A. R.; Grof, C. P. L.; Jackson, J.; Smith, G. R. SmartsettTM seedlings: tissue culture seed plants for Australian sugar industry. Sugarcane Int., May/June:13–17; 2003.
Gilbert, R. A.; Gallo-Meagher, M.; Comstock, J. C.; Miler, J. D.; Jain, M.; Abouzid, A. Agronomic evaluation of sugarcane lines transformed for resistance to sugarcane mosaic virus strain E. Crop Sci. 45:2060–2067; 2005.
Gnanapragasam, S.; Vasil, I. K. Plant regeneration from a cryopreserved embryogenic cell suspension of a commercial sugarcane hybrid (Saccharum sp.). Plant Cell Rep. 9:419–423; 1990.
Heinz, D. J.; Mee, G. W. P. Plant differentiation from callus tissue of Saccharum species. Crop Sci. 9:346–348; 1969.
Ho, W. J.; Vasil, I. K., Somatic embryogenesis in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). I. The morphology and ontogeny of somatic embryos. Protoplasma 118:169–180; 1983a.
Ho, W. J.; Vasil, I. K. Somatic embryogenesis in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.): growth and plant regeneration from embryogenic cell suspension cultures. Ann. Bot. 51:719–726; 1983b.
Lakshmanan, P.; Geijskes, R. J.; Aitken, K. S.; Grof, C. P. L.; Bonnett, G. D.; Smith, G. R. Sugarcane biotechnology: the challenges and opportunities. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 41:345–363; 2005.
Lakshmanan, P.; Geijskes, R. J.; Wang, L. F.; Elliott, A.; Grof, C. P. I.; Smith, G. R. Developmental and hormonal regulation of direct shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. interspecific hybrids) leaf culture. Plant Cell Rep. (in press); 2006.
Lakshmanan, P.; Loh, C. S.; Goh, C. J. An in vitro method for rapid regeneration of a monopodial orchid hybrid Aranda Deborah using thin section culture. Plant Cell Rep. 14:510–514; 1995.
Larkin, P. J., Sugarcane tissue and protoplasts culture. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult, 1:149–164; 1982.
Liu, M. C. Factors affecting induction, somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of callus from cultured immature inflorescences of sugarcane. J. Plant Physiol. 141:714–720; 1993.
Liu, M. C.; Chen, W. H. Histological studies on the origin and process of plant differentiation in sugarcane callus mass. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugarcane Technol. 15:118–121: 1974.
Lorenzo, J. C.; Gonzalez, B.; Escalona, M.; Teisson, C.; Espinosa, P.; Borroto, C. Sugarcane shoot formation in an improved temporary immersion system. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 54:197–200; 1998.
Lorenzo, J. C.; Ojeda, E.; Espinosa, A.; Borroto, C. Field performance of temporary immersion bioreactor-derived sugarcane plants. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 37:803–806; 2001.
Maretzki, A.; Nickell, L. G. Formation of protoplasts from sugarcane cell suspensions and the regeneration of cell cultures from protoplasts. Colloq. Int. CNRS 212:51–63; 1973.
Ming, R.; Moore, P. H.; Woo, K. K.; D'Hont, A.; Glaszmann, J. C.; Tew, T. L.; Mirkov, T. E.; Silva, J. D.; Jifon, J.; Rai, M.; Schnell, R. J.; Brumbley, S. M.; Lakshmanan, P.; Comstock, J. C.; Paterson, A. H. Sugarcane improvement through breeding and biotechnology. Plant Breed. Rev. 27:17–117; 2006.
Mulleegadoo, K. D.; Dookun-Saumtally, A. Genetic transformation of sugarcane by microprojectile bombardment of young leaf rolls. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugarcane Technol. Cong. 25:579–583; 2005.
Nadar, H. M.; Heinz, D. J. Root and shoot development from sugarcane callus tissue. Crop Sci. 17:814–816; 1977.
Nickell, L. G. Tissue and cell cultures of sugarcane: another research tool. Hawaii Plant Rec 57:223–229; 1964.
Oropeza, M.; Garcia, E. Somaclonal variants resistant to sugarcane mosaic virus and their agronomic characterization. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 32:26–31; 1996.
Rathus, C.; Birch, R. G. Stable transformation of callus from electroporated sugarcane protoplasts. Plant Sci. 82:81–89; 1992.
Rathus, C.; Bower, R.; Birch, R G. Effects of promoter, intron and enhancer elements on transient gene expression in sugarcane and carrot protoplasts. Plant Mol. Biol. 23:613–618; 1993.
Schaufler, D. H.; Walker, P. N. Micropropagation of sugarcane between parallelplates. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 37:1225–1230; 1994.
Schaufler, D. H.; Walker, P. N. Micropropagated sugarcane shoot identification using machine vision. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 38:1919–1925; 1995.
Snyman, S.; Huckett, B.; Botha, F. C.; Watt, M. P. A comparison between direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis for the production of transgenic sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). Acta Hort. 56:105–108; 2001.
Snyman, S.; Meyer, G.; Richards, J.: Haricharan, N.; Ramgareeb, S.; Huckett, B. Rehning the application of direct embryogenesis in sugarcane: effect of the developmental phase of leaf disc explants and the timing of DNA transfer on transformation efficiency. Plant Cell Rep. (in press); 2006.
Snyman, S.; Watt, M. P.; Huckett, B.; Botha, F. C. Direct somatic embryogenesis for rapid, cost effective production of transgenic sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). Proc. S. African Sugar Technol. Assoc. 74:186–187; 2000.
Srinivasan, C.; Vasil, I. K.; Plant regeneration from protoplasts of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). J. Plant Physiol. 126:44–48; 1986.
Tabacizadeh, Z.; Ferl, R. J.; Vasil, I. K. Somatic hybridisation in the Gramineae: Saccharum officinarum L. (sugarcane) and Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum. (pearl millet). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5616–5619; 1986.
Taylor, P. W. J.; Dukic, S. D., Development of an in vitro culture technique for conservation of Saccharum spp. hybrid germplasm. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 34:217–222; 1993.
Tran Thanh Van, K. In vitro control of de novo flower, bud, root and callus differentiation from excised epidermal tissues. Nature 246:44–45; 1973.
Urich, J. M.; Finkle, B. J.; Moore, P. H. Frozen preservation of cultured sugarcane cells. Sugarcane 3:11–14; 1984.
Ulrich, J. M.; Finkle, B. J.; Moore, P. H.; Ginoza, H. Effect of a mixture of cryoprotectants in attaining liquid nitrogen survival of callus cultures of a tropical plant. Cryobiology 16:550–556; 1979.
Vickers, J. E.; Grof, C. P. L.; Bonnett, G. D.; Jackson, P. A.; Morgan, T. E. Tissue culture and biolistic transformation of callus have independent effects on yield and sugar content of transgenic sugarcane in the field. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 56:57–68; 2005.
Walker, P. N.; Harris, J. P.; Gautz, L. D. Optimal environment for sugarcane micropropagation. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 34:2609–2614; 1991.
Wang, Z.; Heinemann, P. H.; Sommer, H. J. III; Walker, P. N.; Morrow, C. T.; Heuser, C. Identification and separation of micropropagated sugarcane shoots based on the Hough transform. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 41:1535–1541; 1998.
Wang, Z.; Heinemann, P. H.; Walker, P. N.; Heuser, C. Automated micropropagated sugarcane shoot separation by machine vision. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 42:247–254; 1999.
World Sugar Statistics. Kent, UK: F.O. Lichts & Agra Informa Limited; 2005.
Yan, Q.; Li, X. Isolation, culture of sugarcane protoplasts and callus formation. Kexue Tongabo 29:381–385; 1984.
Yan, Q.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Z. Organogenesis from sugarcane protoplasts. Kexue Tongabo 30:1392–1395; 1985.
Zambranco, A. Y.; Demey, J. B.; Fuchs, M.; Gonzalez, V.; Rea, R.; Desousa, O.; Guitierrez, Z.; Selection of sugarcane plants resistant to SCMV. Plant Sci. 165:221–225; 2003b
Zambranco, A. Y.; Demey, J. R.; Gonzalez, V. Selection of an ametryn tolerant sugarcane cellular line. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico 83:47–54; 1999.
Zambranco, A. Y.; Demey, J. R.; Gonzalez, V. In vitro selection of a glyphosate-tolerant sugarcane cellular line. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 21:365–373: 2003a
Zeng, J. S. In vitro embryogenesis from somatic leaf callus of sugarcane. Acta Phytophysiol. Sin. 5:411–416; 1979.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lakshmanan, P. Somatic embryogenesis in sugarcane—An addendum to the invited review ‘sugarcane biotechnology: The challenges and opportunities,’ in vitro cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 41(4):345–363; 2005. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant 42, 201–205 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2006772
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2006772