Abstract
Powders from dry leaves of four plant species: Ficus carica (Moraceae), Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae), Olea europaea (Oleacea) and Citrus limon (Rutaceae), were evaluated under controlled conditions (30 ± 1°C and 70 ± 5% RH), for their biological activity against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), and were compared to a powder from cloves of myrtle Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) and to eugenol (the essential oil from cloves). Once mixed with seeds of chickpea Cicer arietinum at doses of 1 to 5% (w/w), all the five powders significantly reduced adult longevity. Among these tested botanicals, clove powder was the most toxic as adult survival in treated seeds was less than 24 h, even at the lowest dosage of 1%. The powders from dry leaves also reduced fecundity while that from cloves completely inhibited oviposition in C. maculatus. Indeed, the mean number of eggs laid in chickpea seeds treated with powders from dry leaves of the four plant species above varied from 273.2 ± 30.3 to 373.8 ± 58.2 against 401.8 ± 37.9 in the control (untreated seeds). At the highest dose of 5%, all powders significantly reduced the number of emerging adults: 149.3 ± 46.7 in treatment with O. europaea, 139.8 ± 25.1 with E. globulus, 82.8 ± 48.1 with C. limon, 31.5 ± 20.5 in treatment with F. carica and 0.0 ± 0.0 with S. aromaticum. Tests with lower doses (0,1–0,5%) of clove powder revealed that from the dose of 0.2% and above, C. maculatus adults died before laying eggs. Treatments with eugenol at 5 μl/50 g seeds (v/w), significantly reduced adult longevity (1 ± 0.0 day), the number of eggs laid (0.0 ± 0.0 egg) and adult emergence rate (0.0 ± 0.0 adult), compared to the control used in this test where these parameters are respectively 7.00 ± 0.8 days, 1134.4 ± 204.2 eggs and 745.6 ± 144.9 adults of the first generation.
Résumé
L’activité biologique sur la survie, la fécondité et le nombre de descendants des adultes de la bruche Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), a été évaluée dans des conditions de laboratoire (30 ± 1°C et 70 ± 5% HR) en utilisant des poudres de feuilles séchées de quatre plantes: Ficus carica (Moraceae), Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae), Olea europaea (Oleaceae), Citrus limon (Rutaceae). L’effet de ces poudres de feuilles a été comparé à celui de la poudre des boutons floraux séchés (clous de girofle) du myrte Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) et de l’eugénol (principal composé de l’huile essentielle des clous de girofle). Une fois mélangée avec les graines de pois chiche Cicer arietinum (Leguminosae) à des doses de 1 à 5%, chacune des poudres de cinq plantes réduit significativement la longévité des adultes. De toutes ces poudres végétales testées, celle de clous de girofle est la plus toxique puisque même à la plus faible dose (1%), les adultes vivent moins de 24 h comparativement au témoin dont la survie moyenne est de 7,0 ± 0,8 jours. Les poudres des feuilles réduisent aussi la fécondité des femelles alors que celle de clous de girofle inhibe complètement les pontes. En effet, le nombre moyen d’œufs pondus sur les graines de pois chiche est de 401,8 ± 37,9 dans les lots non traités, tandis celui-ci varie de 273,2 ± 30,3 à 373,8 ± 58,2 dans les lots traités avec les poudres de feuilles. Enfin, tous les produits appliqués à la dose de 5% réduisent de manière hautement significative, le nombre moyen de descendants. Celui-ci est en effet de 330,3 ± 31,9 dans le témoin contre 149,3 ± 46,7 dans les traitements avec l’olivier, 139,8 ± 25,1 avec l’eucalyptus, 82,8 ± 48,1 avec le citronnier, 31,5 ± 20,5 avec le figuier et de 0,0 avec le girofle. La poudre de clous de girofle évaluée même à des doses très faibles (0,1 à 0,5%) montre qu’à la dose 0,2% et plus, la survie moyenne des adultes est réduite à moins de 24 h et que les femelles meurent avant qu’elles ne pondent. Mélangé avec des graines à des doses de 1 à 5 μl/50 g de niébé, l’eugénol est très toxique vis-à-vis de la bruche. A la dose de 5 μl/50 g de graines, l’eugénol réduit fortement la longévité des adultes (1,0 ± 0,0 jours), le nombre d’œufs pondus (0,0 ± 0,0) et celui des descendants (0,0 ± 0,0), en comparaison du témoin où ces valeurs sont respectivement, 7,00 ± 0,8 jours, 1134,4 ± 204,2 oeufs et 745,6 ± 144,9 descendants.
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Kellouche, A., Soltani, N. Activité biologique des poudres de cinq plantes et de l’huile essentielle d’une d’entre elles sur Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Int J Trop Insect Sci 24, 184–191 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1079/IJT200420
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/IJT200420
Key words
- biological activity
- Callosobruchus maculatus
- Syzygium aromaticum
- eugenol
- powders
- Ficus carica
- Eucalyptus globulus
- Olea europaea
- Citrus limon