Abstract
Grape downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is a relatively new disease in Western Australia (WA). The effect of temperature and light intensity on zoospore germination and penetration of stomatal apertures by a WA isolate of P. viticola in the presence of free water on leaf discs of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is described. Germination and penetration commenced within the first hour following inoculation. Zoospores germinated at temperatures ranging from 5 to 30°C, but not at 35°C. Germ tubes penetrated stomatal apertures at temperatures ranging from 10 and 25°C, but not at 30 or 35°C and rarely at 5°C. A 20°C dark environment favoured zoospore germination and host penetration, whereas both infection events occurred at a lower frequency in the light. Light exerted an inhibitory effect on the development of zoospores soon after their release from sporangia. This in turn influenced the infectivity of the pathogen.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bayliss KL (2000) Host-pathogen interactions between two cultivars of subterranean clover and Kabtiella caulivora Race 1 and Race 2. PhD thesis. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
Blaeser M, Weltzein HC (1977) Investigation of the infection of grapevine with Plasmopara viticola in relation to leaf wetness. Mededelingen-Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent 42, 967–976.
Blaeser M, Weltzein HC (1978) The importance of sporulation, dispersal, and germination of sporangia of Plasmopara viticola. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 85, 155–161.
Bonman JM (1992) Foliar diseases — Blast. In ‘Compendium of rice diseases’. (Eds RK Webster, PS Gunnell) pp. 14–17. (The American Phytopathological Society: St Paul, MN)
Cohen Y (1976) Interacting effects of light and temperature on sporulation of Peronospora tabacina on tobacco leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 29, 281–289.
Cruickshank IAM (1963) Environment and sporulation in phytopathogenic fungi. IV. The effect of light on the formation of conidia of Peronospora tabacina Adam. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 16, 88–98.
de Castella F (1917) Notes on downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola, B. and de T.). Journal of Agriculture Victoria 15, 685–700.
Dry PR, Maschmedt CJ, Anderson CJ, Riley E, Bell S-J, Goodchild WS (2005) The grapegrowing regions of Australia. In ‘Viticulture resources. Vol. 1’. 2nd edn. (Eds PR Dry, BG Coombe) pp. 17–55. (Winetitles: Adelaide)
Emmett RW, Wicks TJ, Magarey PA (1992) Downy mildew of grapes. In ‘Diseases of fruit crops. Plant diseases of international importance. Vol. 3’. (Eds J Kumar, HS Chaube, US Singh, AN Mukhopadhyay) pp. 90–128. (Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ)
Emmett RW, Harris AR, Taylor RH, McGechan JK (1998) Grape diseases and vineyard protection. In ‘Viticulture practices. Vol. 2’. (Eds BG Coombe, PR Dry) pp. 232–278. (Winetitles: Adelaide)
Galet P (1977) ‘Les maladies et les parasites de la vigne. Tome 1.’ (Imprimerie du Paysan du Midi: Montpellier)
Gregory CT (1915) Studies on Plasmopara viticola (Downy Mildew). In ‘The official report of the session of the International Congress of Viticulture’. pp. 126–150.
Kahn RP, Libby JL (1958) The effect of environmental factors and plant age on the infection of rice by the blast fungus, Pyricularia oryzae. Phytopathology 48, 25–30.
Keil S, Immink H, Kassemeyer H-H (2006) Effect of temperature and leaf-wetness duration on the infection severity of the grapevine downy mildew Plasmopara viticola (Berk. et Curtis ex. De Bary) Berl. et de Toni. In ‘Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Grapevine Downy and Powdery Mildew’. (Eds I Pertot, C Gessler, D Gadoury, W Gubler, H-H Kassemeyer, P Magarey) p. 122. (Instituto Agrario di San Michele all’ Adige)
Lafon R, Bulit J (1981) Downy mildew of the vine. In ‘The downy mildews’. (Ed. DM Spencer) pp. 600–614. (Academic Press: London)
Lafon R, Clerjeau M (1988) Fruit and foliar diseases caused by fungi. In ‘Compendium of grape diseases’. (Eds RC Pearson, AC Goheen) pp. 11–13. (American Phytopathological Society Press: St Paul, MN)
Magarey PA, Wachtel MF, Weir PC, Seem RC (1991) A computer-based simulator for rational management of grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). Plant Protection Quarterly 6, 29–33.
McLean GD, Magarey PA, Wachtel MF, Dry PR (1984) A climatic evaluation of the question: Could grapevine downy mildew develop in Western Australia? In ‘Advances in viticulture and oenology for economic gain: Proceedings of the Fifth Australian Wine Industry Technical Conference’. (Eds TH Lee, TC Somers) pp. 249–260. (The Australian Wine Research Institute: Adelaide)
Müller K, Sleumer H (1934) Investigation of the biology and control of Perenospora disease of grapevines, with special consideration of the incubation calendar method. Landwirtschaftliche Jahrbucher 79, 509–576.
Mullins MG, Bouquet A, Williams LE (1992) ‘Biology of the grapevine.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Rafaila C, Sevcenco V, David Z (1968) Contributions to the biology of Plasmopara viticola. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 63, 328–336.
Reuveni M (1998) Relationships between leaf age, peroxidase and beta-1,3-glucanase activity, and resistance to downy mildew in grapevines. Journal of Phytopathology 146, 525–530.
Riemann M, Büche C, Kassemeyer H-H, Nick P (2002) Cytoskeletal responses during early development of the downy mildew of grapevine (Plasmopara viticola). Protoplasma 219, 13–22. doi: 10.1007/s007090200001
Royle DJ, Thomas CG (1973) Factors affecting zoospore responses towards stomata in hop downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora humuli) including some comparisons with grapevine downy mildew(Plasmopara viticola). Physiological Plant Pathology 3, 405–417.
Sivasithamparam K (1993) Ecology of root infecting fungi in mediterranean environments. Advances in Plant Pathology 10, 245–280.
Smart RE (1998) Canopy management. In ‘Viticulture practices. Vol. 2’. (Eds BG Coombe, PR Dry) pp. 85–103. (Winetitles: Adelaide)
Srinivasan N, Jeyarajan R (1976) Viability of Plasmopara viticola sporangia produced at different times in a diurnal cycle. Current Science 45, 106–107.
Taiz L, Zeiger E (2002) Plant physiology online. Working with light (Topic 9.1). 4th edn. Sinauer Associates Inc. Available at http://4e.plantphys.net/article.php?ch=t&id=131 [Verified 28 May 2007].
Viala P (1893) Etude Botanique du Mildiou. In ‘Les Maladies de la Vigne’. 3rd edn. (Eds C Coulet, G Masson) pp. 82–108. (Bibliotheque du progres Agricole et Viticole: Paris)
Viennot-Bourgin G (1981) History and importance of downy mildews. In ‘The downy mildews’. (Ed. DM Spencer) pp. 1–15. (Academic Press: London)
Weltzein HC (1981) Geographical distribution of downy mildews. In ‘The downy mildews’. (Ed. DM Spencer) pp. 31–43. (Academic Press: London)
Williams MG (2005) Impact of environmental conditions on the infection behaviour of Western Australian strains of Plasmopara viticola, causal agent of downy mildew in grapevines. PhD thesis. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
Wong FP, Burr HN, Wilcox WF (2001) Heterothallism in Plasmopara viticola. Plant Pathology 50, 427–432. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00573.x
Zachos DG (1959) Investigation of the biology and epidemiology of grapevine downy mildew in Greece. Annales de l’Institute Phytopathologique Benaki 2, 193–355.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Williams, M.G., Magarey, P.A. & Sivasithamparam, K. Effect of temperature and light intensity on early infection behaviour of a Western Australian isolate of Plasmopara viticola, the downy mildew pathogen of grapevine. Australasian Plant Pathology 36, 325–331 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1071/AP07029
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AP07029