Abstract
Background, Aim and Scope
Many surface coatings, including roof paints, contain biocides. It is generally not known to what extent roof paint biocides leach from the paint, and consequently, what concentration the biocide may attain in a rainwater collection system. To this end the leaching of specific biocides from a variety of German roof paints was investigated and the resulting concentrations in collected rain water were estimated.
Materials and Methods
A laboratory simulation was used to determine the time dependant leaching rate of the biocide from the paint into synthetic rainwater. The concentrations of biocide in the leachate were quantified using HPLC. The course of the leachate concentrations over time was fitted using a simple mathematical model. This was then used to estimate concentrations of biocides in a typical household rainwater collection system over time.
Results
Surprisingly, the biocides found in the paints did not always concur with the declared biocides. Concerning the modelling of runoff concentrations, it was found that — under the model assumptions — the rain intensity and cumulative raining time after application are the dominant factors influencing the concentration of the biocide. At the highest modelled rain intensity of 40 mm/hour it only takes about 2 hours to reach peak concentrations lower than 0.1 mg/L, at 0.3 mm/hour it takes about 10 hours to reach peak concentrations of 1.3, 0.9, 5.2 and 1.1 mg/L for terbutryn from Emalux paint, terbutryn from Südwest paint, carbendazim from Emalux paint, and carbendazim from MIPA paint, respectively.
Discussion
The results confirm that biocides leached from roof paint will be present in roof runoff. The highest estimated peak concentrations are close to the water solubility of the respective biocides. This indicates that the model assumption of a concentration independent leaching rate will tendentially lead to an overestimation of the leached concentrations under these circumstances. However, under most circumstances such as higher rain intensities, and longer time after peak concentrations have been reached, the runoff concentrations are far from the solubility limit, and therefore it is proposed that the model assumptions are tenable.
Conclusions
The leaching of biocides from roof paints can be roughly assessed using a relatively simple approach. The declaration of biocidal ingredients in roof paints should be improved and information on their biocide leaching behaviour should be made available. Furthermore, the estimations should be evaluated by a field study.
Recommendations and Perspectives
The leaching study indicated that the concentrations of selected biocides can reach significant levels, especially after low intensity rainfall. Taking into account the inherent biological activity of the substances under scrutiny, it can already be concluded that it is not advisable to use runoff water from roofs freshly painted with biocide containing roof paints.
These results have been complemented by a literature search of biological effects of the investigated biocides, ecotoxicological tests with several species and a risk analysis for organisms exposed to runoff water. This will be presented in Part 2 of this contribution.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
BOM (2006): Forecasting the weather — Monitoring the weather. Retrieved 27.02.2006, from http://www.bom.gov.au/info/ftweather/page_23.shtml, Australian Bureau of Meteorology
Chapman JS, Diehl MA (1995): Methylchloroisothiazolone-induced growth inhibition and lethality in Escherichia coli. J Appl Bacteriol 78, 134–141
Cockroft R, Laidlaw RA (1978): Factors affecting leaching of preservatives in practice. IRG/WP 3113. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden
Collier PJ, Ramsey AJ, Austin P, Gilbert P (1990a): Growth inhibitory and biocidal activity of some isothiazolone biocides. J Appl Bacteriol 69, 569–577
Collier PJ, Ramsey AJ, Waigh RD, Douglas KT, Austin P, Gilbert P (1990b): Chemical reactivity of some isothiazolone biocides. J Appl Bacteriol 69, 578–584
EC (2003): Technical Guidance Document in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on Risk Assessment for new notified substances, Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for existing substances and Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. Part II, European Commission Joint Research Centre, pp 1–337
El-Dib MA, Abou-Waly HF (1997): Biodegradation of some triazine and phenylureas in surface waters. Wat Res 32(6) 1881–1887
EU (1998): Directive 98/8/EC of the European parliament and of the council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. L 123/ 24.4.98, 1–63
EU (2000): Commission Regulation (EC) No 1896/2000 of 7 September 2000 on the first phase of the programme referred to in Article 16(2) of Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Control on biocidal products. L 228/6
EU (2002): Commission Regulation (EC) No 1687/2002 of 25 September 2002 on an additional period for notification of certain active substances already on the market for biocidal use as established in Article 4(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1896/2000. L 258/15
EU (2005): Commission Regulation (EC) No 1048/2005 of 13 June 2005 amending Regulation (EC) No 2032/2003 on the second phase of the 10-year work programme referred to in Article 16(2) of Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. L 178/1
Jacobson A, Williams TM (2000): The environmental fate of isothiazolone biocides. Chemica Oggi 18, 105–108
Karlsson J, Eklund B (2004): New biocide-free anti-fouling paints are toxic. Mar Pollut Bull 49, 456–464
Krzeminski SF, Brackett CK, Fisher JD (1975): Fate of microbicidal 3-isothiazolone compounds in the environment: Modes and rates of dissipation. J Agric Food Chem 23, 1060–1068
Lebow S, Foster D, Lebow P (2004): Rate of CCA leaching from commercially treated decking. Forest Prod J 54, 81–88
Lindner W (1997): Studies on film preservatives: Retention of DCMU in outdoor paints. Biofouling 11, 179–189
R Development Core Team (2006): R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, URL http://www.R-project.org
Sanusi A, Wortham H, Millet M, Mirabel P (1996): Chemical Composition of Rainwater in eastern France. Atmos Enviorn 30(1) 59–71
Schoknecht U, Wegner R, Horn W, Jann O (2003): Emission of Biocides from Treated Materials: Test Procedures for Water and Air. Env Sci Pollut Res 10(3) 154–161
Stock F, Jungnickel C, Brandsch T, Ranke J (2005): Gewässerbelastung durch den Eintrag von Bioziden aus Dachfarben — eine Risikoabschätzung. Essen, Landesumweltamt Nordrhein-Westfalen (LUA NRW)
VdL (2000): Richtlinie zur Deklaration von Inhaltsstoffen in Bautenlacken, Bautenfarben und verwandten Produkten — VdL-Richtlinie Bautenanstrichstoffe. Frankfurt (Main), Verband der Lackindustrie e.V.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Risk Assessment of Biocides in Roof Paint, Part 2: Ecotoxicology of active substances and risk evaluation by Frauke Stock, Christian Jungnickel, Johannes Ranke
ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Teresa Cutright (tcutrig@uakron.edu)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jungnickel, C., Stock, F., Brandsch, T. et al. Risk assessment of biocides in roof paint. Environ Sci Pollut Res 15, 258–265 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1065/espr2007.12.465
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1065/espr2007.12.465