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Bimodal lobbying and trade policy outcomes: Evidence from corporate political activity under uncertainty in India

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Abstract

We lack insight into how firms reduce uncertainty by engaging with trade policy through corporate political activity (CPA), particularly in emerging economies. In this paper, we argue that CPA, as an instrument of nonmarket strategy, is more effective in achieving trade policy outcomes that reduce corporate uncertainty when firms pursue a bimodal approach, lobbying both collectively and individually. Collective actors such as trade associations gain influence through industry legitimacy and expertise, and can enable individual corporate lobbying to benefit from enhanced political capabilities in terms of information gathering, developing legitimacy, and aligning divergent interests. We also find that the bimodal approach is more effective for exporting firms, and when there is government support for an industry. Our empirical analysis is based on survey data of 146 Indian firms, in the context of a changing socio-political era. We contribute to the literature by highlighting the complementarity between collective and private political lobbying in reducing trade policy uncertainty. Overall, we contribute to research on CPA and nonmarket strategy, particularly in the context of emerging economy trade policy.

Résumé

Nous ne savons peu de choses sur la façon dont les entreprises réduisent leur incertitude en s'engageant dans les politiques commerciales par le biais de l'activité politique des entreprises (APE), en particulier dans les économies émergentes. Dans cet article, nous soutenons que l'APE, est plus efficace pour obtenir des résultats en matière de politique commerciale qui réduisent l'incertitude des entreprises lorsque celles-ci adoptent une approche bimodale. L’APE est donc un instrument de stratégie non commerciale qui fait pression à la fois collectivement et individuellement. Les acteurs collectifs tels que les associations commerciales gagnent en influence grâce à la légitimité et à l'expertise du secteur. De fait, ils peuvent permettre au lobbying individuel des entreprises de bénéficier de capacités politiques accrues en termes de collecte d'informations, de développement de la légitimité et d'alignement d'intérêts divergents. Nous constatons également que l'approche bimodale est plus efficace pour les entreprises exportatrices et lorsque le gouvernement soutient une industrie spécifique. Notre analyse empirique est basée sur les données d'enquête de 146 entreprises indiennes, dans le contexte d'une ère sociopolitique changeante. Nous contribuons à la littérature en soulignant la complémentarité entre le lobbying politique collectif et privé dans la réduction de l'incertitude de la politique commerciale. Plus généralement, nous contribuons à la recherche sur l'APE et la stratégie non marchande, en particulier dans le contexte de la politique commerciale des économies émergentes.

Resumen

Existe un desconocimiento sobre cómo las compañías reducen la incertidumbre involucrándose en la política comercial, a través de la actividad política corporativa (CPA) (por sus siglas en inglés) y de manera especial en economías emergentes. En este artículo discutimos cómo la CPA, en tanto instrumento de estrategia no relacionada con el mercado es más efectiva en la consecución de resultados enen la política comercial, que reducen la incertidumbre corporativa cuando las compañías implementan un enfoque bimodal; ejerciendo lobby de manera colectiva e individual.

Los actores colectivos, como asociaciones de comercio adquieren influencia por medio de la legitimidad industrial y la experticia, además de que permiten el lobby individual corporativo; aquel que se beneficia de las capacidades políticas ampliadas en términos de recolección de información, desarrollo de legitimidad y el alineamiento de intereses divergentes. Encontramos, además que el enfoque bimodal es más efectivo para compañías exportadoras, así como cuando existe el apoyo gubernamental a una industria. Nuestro análisis empírico está basado en datos de encuestas de 146 compañías indias, en el contexto de una era de cambios sociopolíticos. Contribuimos a la bibliografía en cuanto resaltamos la complementariedad entre el ejercicio del lobby colectivo y del privado, que logra reducir la incertidumbre de la política comercial. En general contribuimos a la investigación en CPA y a la estrategia no relacionada con el mercado, particularmente en el contexto de la política de comercio de las economías emergentes.

Resumo

Existe a necessidade de maior clareza sobre como as empresas reduzem a incerteza ao se envolverem com políticas de comércio exterior por meio da Atividade Política Corporativa (CPA), particularmente em economias emergentes. Neste artigo, argumentamos que a CPA, como um instrumento de estratégia de não-mercado, é mais eficaz na obtenção de resultados de políticas de comércio exterior que reduzem a incerteza corporativa quando as empresas adotam uma abordagem bimodal, fazendo lobby tanto coletiva quanto individualmente. Atores coletivos, como associações comerciais, ganham influência por meio da legitimidade e experiência setorial e podem permitir que o lobby corporativo individual se beneficie de capacidades políticas aprimoradas em termos de coleta de informações, desenvolvimento de legitimidade e alinhamento de interesses divergentes. Também descobrimos que a abordagem bimodal é mais eficaz para empresas exportadoras e quando há apoio governamental para o setor. Nossa análise empírica é baseada em um levantamento de dados tipo survey de 146 empresas indianas, no contexto de uma era sociopolítica em mudança. Contribuímos para a literatura destacando a complementaridade entre lobby político coletivo e privado na redução da incerteza de políticas de comércio exterior. Em geral, contribuímos para pesquisas sobre CPA e estratégia de não-mercado, particularmente no contexto de políticas de comércio exterior de economias emergentes.

摘要

我们对于企业如何通过企业政治活动参与贸易政策来减少不确定性的见解不足, 尤其是在新兴经济体。在本文, 我们认为, 当企业采用集体与个人游说的双峰方式时, 企业政治活动, 作为非市场策略的一个工具, 可更有效地达到减少不确定性的贸易政策成果。集体行为者例如行业协会通过行业合法性与专业性来获得影响力, 并可以使单独的企业游说活动从增强的信息收集、合法性发展与协调不同利益方面的政治能力中受益。我们还发现, 这种双峰方式对于出口企业, 以及当政府支持一个行业时, 更有效。在变化的社会政治时代背景下, 我们的实证分析基于146家印度公司的问卷数据完成。我们通过强调集体与个人政治游说在减少贸易政策不确定性的互补性, 为文献做出贡献。总体而言, 我们贡献于企业政治活动与非市场策略的研究, 尤其是以新兴经济体贸易政策为背景的研究。

Zusammenfassung

Es besteht ein Mangel an Wissen darüber, wie Unternehmen Unsicherheiten insbesondere in Schwellenländern verringern, indem sie sich durch unternehmenspolitische Aktivitäten (CPA) in der Handelspolitik engagieren. In diesem Beitrag argumentieren wir, dass CPA als Instrument einer nicht-marktbasierten Strategie effektiver ist, um handelspolitische Ergebnisse zu erzielen, die die unternehmerische Unsicherheit verringern, wenn Unternehmen einen zweigleisigen Ansatz verfolgen und sowohl kollektiv als auch individuell Lobbyarbeit betreiben. Kollektive Akteure wie Handelsverbände gewinnen durch die Legitimität und das Fachwissen der Branche an Einfluss und können es dem individuellen Unternehmenslobbying ermöglichen, von den verbesserten politischen Fähigkeiten in Bezug auf die Informationsbeschaffung, die Entwicklung von Legitimität und die Annäherung divergierender Interessen zu profitieren. Wir stellen außerdem fest, dass der zweigleisige Ansatz für exportierende Unternehmen und in Branchen mit staatlicher Unterstützung effektiver ist. Unsere empirische Analyse basiert auf Umfragedaten von 146 indischen Unternehmen vor dem Hintergrund eines sich wandelnden soziopolitischen Zeitalters. Wir leisten einen Beitrag zur Literatur, indem wir die Komplementarität zwischen kollektivem und privatem politischem Lobbying bei der Verringerung handelspolitischer Unsicherheiten hervorheben. Darüber hinaus leisten wir einen Beitrag zur Forschung über CPA und nicht-marktbasierte Strategien, insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit der Handelspolitik von Schwellenländern.

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Appendix: Variables and Survey Questions

Appendix: Variables and Survey Questions

Variable

Survey Question

Perceived lobbying effectiveness

How successful would you rate a typical firm in your sector in lobbying the government for trade policy influence?

(1 = Not Effective, 2 = Moderately Effective, 3 = Effective, 4 = Very Effective).

Lobbying vs. No Lobbying

Does your firm undertake activities for lobbying the government for trade policy?

(Yes = 1, No = 0)

Collective Lobbying

Is your firm a member of a producer or trade association that undertakes collective lobbying? If yes, Was your firm active in lobbying in the last year through associations?

(Yes = 1, No = 0)

Individual lobbying

Was your firm active in direct lobbying in the last year?

(1 = Active, 0 = Not Active).

Exporting

Does your firm engage in exporting?

(Yes = 1, No = 0)

Political representation

Are the interests of your sector represented by any ministry?

(Yes = 1, No = 0)

Firm size

What is the size (number of workers) of your firm?

MFN tariff protection

How active would you say your firm was in lobbying with regard to the following: MFN Tariff Protection?

(1 = Not active, 2 = Moderately active, 3 = Fairly Active, 4 = Very Active).

Special consignments

How active would you say your firm was in lobbying with regard to the following: Special Consignments?

(1 = Not active, 2 = Moderately active, 3 = Fairly Active, 4 = Very Active).

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Saha, A., Shirodkar, V. & Lawton, T.C. Bimodal lobbying and trade policy outcomes: Evidence from corporate political activity under uncertainty in India. J Int Bus Policy 6, 24–46 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-022-00145-w

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