Abstract
In higher education (HE), twin privatization involves permitting private providers to enter the higher education system and partially privatize public institutions. In the past decade, privatization has facilitated the growth of Vietnam HE. Private higher education (PHE) in Vietnam has experienced significant growth but remains a relatively small share, whereas public enrollment has witnessed remarkable expansion, making up most of the HE enrollment growth. The study characterizes the twin privatization phenomenon in Vietnam HE growth through inter- and intra-sectoral analyses of the private and public sectors. On the one hand, by examining public–private competitiveness using university admissions scores and quota by field of study, the study identifies PHE subsectors with demand-absorbing institutions assuming the access role and the emerging serious demand-absorbing PHE subsector with a few private institutions becoming more competitive than the average public provincial institutions. On the other hand, using public–private part-time enrollment as a gauge for the extent of privatization in public institutions, the study suggests that, while the growth of Vietnam HE enrollment is contributed mostly by the public sector, a majority of the public contribution comes from the expansion of part-time enrollment. Examining selected public university revenue sources also reveals a higher level of dependence on non-state budget.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asian Development Bank (2012) Private higher education across Asia: Expanding access, searching for quality, Mandaluyong City: Philippines: Asian Development Bank.
Dang, Q.A. (2009) Recent Higher Education Reforms in Vietnam: The Role of the World Bank. Aarhus, Denmark Danish School of Education, University of Aarhus. Working Papers on University Reform, working paper 13.
Geiger, R.L. (1986) Private sectors in higher education: Structure, function and change in eight countries, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Hayden, M. and Khanh, D.V. (2010) ‘Private higher education in Vietnam’, in G. Harman, M. Hayden and T. Nghi Pham (eds.) Reforming higher education in Vietnam: Challenges and priorities, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 215–225.
Hayden, M. and Thiep, L.Q. (2010) ‘Vietnam’s Higher Education System’, in G. Harman, M. Hayden, and T. Nghi Pham (eds.) Reforming higher education in Vietnam, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 14–29.
Hoang, L. (2015) The emergence of Vietnamese for-profit and non-profit private higher education: For-profit ascendant? Paper presented at the 59th Annual Comparative and International Education Society Conference; 8–13 March, Washington, DC, USA.
Hoang, L. (2017) Accountability in Vietnam’s Education: Toward effective mechanism in the decentralization context. Country case study prepared for the 2017/8 Global Education Monitoring Report. Accountability in education: Meeting our commitments. Paris: UNESCO, retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/002595/259548e.pdf.
Johnstone, D.B. (2009) ‘Worldwide trends in financing higher education: A conceptual framework’, in J. Knight (ed.) Financing access and equity in higher education, Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, pp. 1–17.
Kwiek, M. (2016) ‘From growth to decline? Demand-absorbing private higher education when demand is over’, in M. Shah and C.S. Nair (eds.) A global perspective on private higher education, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 53–79
Le, P.D. (2006) ‘The role of non-public institutions in higher education development of Vietnam’, Ph.D. dissertation, Hiroshima University, Japan.
Levy, D.C. (1986) Higher education and the state in Latin America: Private challenges to public dominance, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Levy, D.C. (1992) ‘Private institutions of higher education’, in B.R. Clark and G. Neave (eds.) The encyclopedia of higher education Vol. 2, New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 1183–1195.
Levy, D.C. (2006a) An introductory global overview: The private fit to salient higher education tendencies. New York, USA: State University of New York at Albany. PROPHE working paper no. 7. Retrieved from http://prophe.org/en/working-papers/an-introductory-global-overview-the-private-fit-to-salient-higher-education-tendencies/.
Levy, D.C. (2006b) ‘The unanticipated explosion: Private higher education’s global surge’, Comparative Education Review 50(2): 217–240.
Levy, D.C. (2008) ‘Commonality and distinctiveness: Indian private higher education in international perspective’, in A. Gupta, D. Levy and K.B. Power (eds.) Private higher education: Global trends and Indian perspectives, New Delhi, India: Shipra Publications, pp. 253–272.
London, J.D. (2010) ‘Globalization and the governance of education in Viet Nam’, Asia Pacific Journal of Education 30(4): 361–379.
Mok, K.H. (2011a) Bringing the state back in: Privatization or deprivatization of higher education in China. Paper presented at the Privatization of Higher Education: Private Investment for a Common Good? conference; 20–21 October, Heidelberg University, Germany.
Mok, K.H. (2011b) ‘Liberalization of the privateness in higher education’, in P. Teixeira and D.D. Dill (eds.) Public vices, private virtues?: Assessing the effects of marketization in higher education, Rotterdam: Sense, pp. 19–43.
Musial-Demurat, J. (2012) ‘Polish private higher education: Inter- and intra- sectoral differentiation’, Ph.D. dissertation, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY.
Pham, H.L., and Fry, G.W. (2002) ‘The emergence of private higher education in vietnam: challenges and opportunities’, Educational Research for Policy and Practice 1(1): 127–141.
Pham, L.T. (2015) ‘Vietnam: The road to privatisation’, University World News, 4 December. Retrieved from http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20151130161139361.
Praphamontripong, P. (2010) ‘Intra-sectoral diversity: A political economy of Thai private higher education’, PhD dissertation, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY.
PROPHE (2017) Global Private Higher Education Data by Region and Country 2010. Retrieved from http://prophe.org/en/global-phe/data-by-region-country-2010/.
Shah, M. and Nair, C.S. (2016) A global perspective on private higher education, Cambridge, MA: Elsevier Chandos Publishing.
Slantcheva, S. (2007) ‘Legitimating the difference: Private higher education institutions in Central and Eastern Europe’, in S. Slantcheva and D.C. Levy (eds.) Private higher education in post-communist Europe: In search of legitimacy). New York, NY: Palgrave, pp. 55–73
Teixeira, P. and Dill, D.D. (eds.) (2011) Public vices, private virtues?: assessing the effects of marketization in higher education, Rotterdam: Sense.
Teixeira, P., Kim, S., Landoni, P. and Gilani, Z. (eds.) (2017) Rethinking the public–private mix in higher education: Global trends and national policy challenges, Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-911-9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hoang, L. Twin Privatization in Vietnam Higher Education: The Emergence of Private Higher Education and Partial Privatization of Public Universities. High Educ Policy 32, 359–380 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-018-0086-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-018-0086-8