Skip to main content
Log in

Medical markets for imagined futures: the framing of egg freezing on fertility clinic websites in Turkey

  • Original Article
  • Published:
BioSocieties Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article explores the use of future imaginaries in medical markets, examining the framing of egg freezing on fertility clinic websites. Egg freezing is a recent example of what medical sociologists term anticipatory medicalization. It primarily promises a measure against the anticipated risk of female infertility due to reproductive aging. Economic sociologists, on the other hand, see a focus on a future full of risks and opportunities as a significant characteristic of capitalism. Accordingly, marketing activities aim to shape consumer imaginaries and expectations of the future to increase demand. Through a thematic analysis of all available textual data on egg freezing from fertility clinic websites in Turkey, I show how these websites depict the social context of egg freezing and its implications for the future. The websites define potential service users, their life circumstances, goals, and ethical concerns, portraying egg freezing as a strategy for time and risk management. By doing so, the websites can stir women’s hopes and dreams of future relationships and childbearing, as well as their fears of future infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The reproductive service of egg freezing is marketed as a means to achieve desirable imagined futures or to prevent undesirable ones.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, V., M. Murphy, and A.E. Clarke. 2009. Anticipation: technoscience, life, affect, temporality. Subjectivity 28: 246–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almeling, R. 2007. Selling genes, selling gender: egg agencies, sperm banks, and the medical market in genetic material. American Sociological Review 72 (3): 319–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almeling, R. 2021. Contesting new markets for bodily knowledge: when and how experts draw the line. In The Oxford handbook of the sociology of body and embodiment, ed. N. Boero and K. Mason. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ASRM (Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine). 2018. Planned oocyte cryopreservation for women seeking to preserve future reproductive potential: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility 110 (6): 1022–1028.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avraham, S., R. Machtinger, T. Cahan, A. Sokolov, C. Racowsky, and D.S. Seidman. 2014. What is the quality of information on social oocyte cryopreservation provided by websites of Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology member fertility clinics? Fertility and Sterility 101 (1): 222–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, K. 2019a. Egg freezing, fertility and reproductive choice: negotiating responsibility, hope and modern motherhood. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.

  • Baldwin, K. 2019b. The biomedicalisation of reproductive ageing: reproductive citizenship and the gendering of fertility risk. Health, Risk & Society 21 (5–6): 268–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, K., L. Culley, N. Hudson, and H. Mitchell. 2019. Running out of time: exploring women’s motivations for social egg freezing. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 40 (2): 166–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbey, C. 2017. Evidence of biased advertising in the case of social egg freezing. The New Bioethics 23 (3): 195–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayefsky, M.J. 2020. Legal and ethical analysis of advertising for elective egg freezing. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48 (4): 748–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckert, J. 2016. Imagined futures: fictional expectations and capitalist dynamics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Beckert, J. 2021. The firm as an engine of imagination: organizational prospection and the making of economic futures. Organization Theory 2 (2): 26317877211005772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckert, J., and L. Suckert. 2021. The future as a social fact: the analysis of perceptions of the future in sociology. Poetics 84: 101499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beilby, K., I. Dudink, D. Kablar, M. Kaynak, S. Rodrigo, and K. Hammarberg. 2020. The quality of information about elective oocyte cryopreservation (EOC) on Australian fertility clinic websites. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 60 (4): 605–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, D., and E.S. Mann. 2023. Accounting for first-time motherhood at advanced maternal age: risk, temporality, and the preservation of stratified reproduction. Sex Roles 88: 68–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, E., and M. Patrick. 2018. Time, anticipation, and the life course: egg freezing as temporarily disentangling romance and reproduction. American Sociological Review 83 (5): 959–982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buğra, A. 2020. Politics of social policy in a late industrializing country: the case of Turkey. Development and Change 51 (2): 442–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campo-Engelstein, L., R. Aziz, S. Darivemula, J. Raffaele, R. Bhatia, and W.M. Parker. 2018. Freezing fertility or freezing false hope? A content analysis of social egg freezing in US print media. AJOB Empirical Bioethics 9 (3): 181–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, K., and C. Kroløkke. 2018. Freezing for love: enacting ‘responsible’ reproductive citizenship through egg freezing. Culture, Health & Sexuality 20 (9): 992–1005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cil, A.P., R. Abali, A. Boza, L.S. Karakis, M. Ceyhan, E. Aksakal, I. Keles, O. Oktem, M.B. Ata, M. Bahçeci, and B. Urman. 2019. A 5-year analysis of demographics, cycle characteristics and reproductive outcomes of 907 egg freezing cycles in patients with diminished ovarian reserve and age-related fertility decline. Fertility and Sterility 112 (3): e108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A.E., L. Mamo, J.R. Fosket, J.R. Fishman, and J.K. Shim, eds. 2010. Biomedicalization: technoscience, health, and illness in the US. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. E., and J. Shim. 2010. Medicalization and biomedicalization revisited: technoscience and transformations of health, illness and American medicine. In Handbook of the sociology of health, illness, and healing: A blueprint for the 21st century (pp. 173–199). Springer, New York

  • Clarke, A.E., J.K. Shim, L. Mamo, J.R. Fosket, and J.R. Fishman. 2003. Biomedicalization: technoscientific transformations of health, illness, and US biomedicine. American Sociological Review 68: 161–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, P. 1992. Medicalization and social control. Annual Review of Sociology 18 (1): 209–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, P. 2005. The shifting engines of medicalization. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46 (1): 3–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, P., and M. Waggoner. 2017. Anticipatory medicalization: predisposition, prediction, and the expansion of medicalized conditions. In Medical ethics, prediction, and prognosis, ed. M.G. Bondio, F. Sporing, and J.S. Gordon, 95–103. NY and London: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S., and S. Timmermans. 2021. From medicine to health: the proliferation and diversification of cultural authority. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 62 (3): 240–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giritlioğlu, H. 2017. Sağlık alanında reklam yasağı ve nedenleri: İlan ve bilgilendirmenin sınırı. Türk Tabipleri Birliği, https://ttb.org.tr/makale_goster.php?Guid=95b4cbc4-cb75-11e7-9277-41cb35a9b17b. Accessed on 12/12/2022.

  • Göçmen, İ, and A. Kılıç. 2018. Egg freezing experiences of women in Turkey: from the social context to the narratives of reproductive ageing and empowerment. European Journal of Women’s Studies 25 (2): 168–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goktepe, H., E. Turkyilmaz, G.D. Durdag, M. Sonmezer, C. Atabekoglu, and B. Ozmen. 2021. Oocyte cryopreservation: retrospective analysis of 5 years experience. Gynecology Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine 27 (3): 248–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gürtin, Z.B. 2011. Banning reproductive travel: Turkey’s ART legislation and third-party assisted reproduction. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 23 (5): 555–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtin, Z.B., and E. Tiemann. 2021. The marketing of elective egg freezing: a content, cost and quality analysis of UK fertility clinic websites. Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online 12: 56–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IFFS. 2022. Global trends in reproductive policy and practice. Global Reproductive Health 7(e58).

  • Inhorn, M. 2023. Motherhood on ice: the mating gap and why women freeze their eggs. New York: New York University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Inhorn, M.C., D. Birenbaum-Carmeli, J. Birger, L.M. Westphal, J. Doyle, N. Gleicher, D. Meirow, M. Dirnfeld, D. Seidman, A. Kahane, and P. Patrizio. 2018. Elective egg freezing and its underlying socio-demography: a binational analysis with global implications. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 16 (1): 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, T., and R.L. Barbieri. 2005. Website quality assessment: mistaking apples for oranges. Fertility and Sterility 83 (3): 545–547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanters, N.T.J., K.E. Brokke, A.M.E. Bos, S.H. Benneheij, J. Kostenzer, and H.D.L. Ockhuijsen. 2022. An unconventional path to conventional motherhood: a qualitative study of women’s motivations and experiences regarding social egg freezing in the Netherlands. Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction 51 (2): 102268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kılıç, A. 2021. Egg-freezing narratives of women: between medicalization and marketization. In The politics of the female body in contemporary Turkey: reproduction, maternity, sexuality, ed. Hilal Alkan, et al., 147–166. London: I. B. Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kılıç, A. 2023. Türkiye’de yumurta dondurma politikası: Karşılaştırmalı perspektiften eleştirel bir değerlendirme. Mülkiye Dergisi 47 (1): 71–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kılıç, A., and İ Göçmen. 2018. Fate, morals and rational calculations: freezing eggs for non-medical reasons in Turkey. Social Science & Medicine 203: 19–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kılıçtepe, Ş, S. Saluk, and B. Mutlu. 2022. Üreme adaleti perspektifinden Türkiye’de üreme ve doğurganlık politikalarına bakış. Feminist Tahayyül 3 (1): 39–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, L.J. 2010. Anticipating infertility: egg freezing, genetic preservation, and risk. Gender & Society 24 (4): 526–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, C., J. Williams, and W. Lipworth. 2018. Conflicted hope: social egg freezing and clinical conflicts of interest. Health Sociology Review 27 (1): 45–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadi, L., D. Aranda, and S. Martínez-Martínez. 2019. The narratives of fertility clinic’s websites in Spain. Profesional De La Información 28 (2): e280219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mutlu, B. 2018. Gizleyerek aile olmak: Yurtdışında yasaklı biyoteknolojilerle çare arayışları. Toplum Ve Bilim 144: 161–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, K.C., and L.J. Martin. 2021. Freezing time? The sociology of egg freezing. Sociology Compass 15 (4): e12850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özöztürk, S., and O. Çiçek. 2022. Factors affecting the decisions of women considering oocyte cryopreservation: a blog study. Health Care for Women International 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Hernández, Y., and M. De Proost. 2023. Egg freezing, genetic relatedness, and motherhood: a binational empirical bioethical investigation of women’s views. Bioethics 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, Damien W., and C. Bartholomaeus. 2018. Fertility preservation decision making amongst Australian transgender and non-binary adults. Reproductive Health 15 (1): 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. 2007a. The politics of life itself: biomedicine, power, and subjectivity in the twenty-first century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. 2007b. Beyond medicalisation. The Lancet 369 (9562): 700–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer, M.V. 2015. Reproduction at an advanced maternal age and maternal health. Fertility and Sterility 103 (5): 1136–1143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seyhan, A., O.D. Akin, S. Ertaş, B. Ata, K. Yakin, and B. Urman. 2021. A survey of women who cryopreserved oocytes for non-medical indications (social fertility preservation). Reproductive Sciences 28 (8): 2216–2222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spar, D. 2006. The baby business: how money, science and politics drive the commerce of conception. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takhar, J. 2022. Communicative crises in the age of anxious reproduction and fertility preservation. Consumption Markets & Culture 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmermans, S., and I. Tavory. 2022. Data analysis in qualitative research: theorizing with abductive analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Timmermans, S., and C. Tietbohl. 2018. Fifty years of sociological leadership at Social Science and Medicine. Social Science & Medicine 196: 209–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TSRM (Üreme Sağlığı ve İnfertility Derneği). 2022. Türkiye’deki tüp bebek merkezleri. https://www.tsrm.org.tr/pro/konu/harita/index.htm. Accessed 1 Mar 2022.

  • Uncu, G., and A.P. Çil. 2016. Üreme sağlığı ve infertilite derneği (TSRM) tarafından haızrlanan “üremenin korunması kılavuzurdur. Blast 5: 6–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • ÜTCD (Üreme Tıbbı ve Cerrahisi Derneği). 2022. IVF merkezleri. https://utcd.org.tr/ivf-merkezleri/. Accessed 1 Mar 2022.

  • van de Wiel, L. 2014. For whom the clock ticks: reproductive ageing and egg freezing in Dutch and British news media. Studies in the Maternal 6: 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • van de Wiel, L. 2020. The speculative turn in IVF: egg freezing and the financialization of fertility. New Genetics and Society 39 (3): 306–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waggoner, M.R. 2013. Motherhood preconceived: the emergence of the preconception health and health care initiative. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 38 (2): 345–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waldby, C. 2015. “Banking time”: egg freezing and the negotiation of future fertility. Culture, Health & Sexuality 17 (4): 470–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yakin, K., B. Urman, and B. Balaban. 2022. Dynamic view of assisted reproduction in Turkey from 1996 to 2020. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 44 (4): 747–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zelizer, V.A. 1978. Human values and the market: the case of life insurance and death in 19th-century America. American Journal of Sociology 84: 591–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeno, E. 2022. Synchronizing the biological clock: managing professional and romantic risk through company-sponsored egg freezing. Social Problems 69 (2): 527–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zola, I.K. 1972. Medicine as an institution of social control. The Sociological Review 20 (4): 487–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zore, T., N. Joshi, S.B. Schon, P. Masson, and J.L. Chan. 2017. Assessment of fertility clinic websites on oocyte cryopreservation (OC). Fertility and Sterility 108 (3): e189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank editors and reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Azer Kılıç.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

I confirm that the manuscript is comprised of original material that is not under review elsewhere. The study on which the research is based has not been subject to ethical review since the research does not involve human or animal participants.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kılıç, A. Medical markets for imagined futures: the framing of egg freezing on fertility clinic websites in Turkey. BioSocieties (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41292-023-00311-0

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41292-023-00311-0

Keywords

Navigation