Skip to main content

Unpacking The Nexus Between Broiler Contract Farming and Its Impact in Ghana

The European Journal of Development Research volume 34, pages 2759–2786 (2022)Cite this article

Abstract

This study examines the determinants of participation in broiler contract farming and its impact. The Probit and the Doubly Robust Augmented Inverse-Probability Weighting (AIPW) models were used in analysing the objectives. The findings revealed that education, experience, regular income, extension service and perceived low market risk in contracting and contractors' trustworthiness significantly influenced broiler contract farming participation, but payment terms negatively affected broiler contract participation. The findings also indicated that contract farming participation positively impacts total sales, farm capacity and total expenditure of farmers. The UNITY Model A of contract farming is recommended to boost the broiler industry in Ghana. The study further recommends future research into the survival rate of contract participants in broiler production.

Résumé

Cette étude se penche sur les déterminants de la participation à l'élevage de poulets de chair sous contrat et sur son impact. Le modèle Probit et le modèle doublement robuste de la pondération par probabilité inverse augmentée ont été utilisés pour analyser les objectifs. Les résultats ont révélé que le niveau de scolarité, l'expérience, les revenus réguliers, les services de vulgarisation, la perception d'un faible niveau de risque contractuel et la fiabilité des entrepreneurs influencent de manière significative la participation à l'élevage de poulets de chair sous contrat, mais les conditions de paiement ont un impact négatif sur cette participation. Les résultats ont également indiqué que la participation à l'agriculture contractuelle a un impact positif sur le total des ventes, la capacité agricole et les dépenses totales des agriculteurs. Le modèle UNITY A d'élevage sous contrat est recommandé pour stimuler l'industrie du poulet de chair au Ghana. En outre, l'étude recommande de futures recherches sur le taux de survie des participants contractuels à la production de poulets de chair.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

39,95 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)

Fig. 1

Source: Authors’ own, 2020

Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Source Authors’ own, 2020

Fig. 4

Source Authors’ own, 2020

Fig. 5

Source Authors’ own, 2020

Notes

  1. Contract farming raises the issue of principal and agent where both the principal and the agent are risk-averse, self-seeking and have minimal rational thinking. As a principal, the organisation aims to prevent the risks and costs of the internal production and contracts farmers for rearing and supplying live broiler or broiler chicken meat. It is easier to manage the contract with an agent when the contract contains incentives to motivate the agent to work in the interest of the principal. Such benefits can be public (legal redress), private (contract terms) or a combination of both (Prowse 2012). The sides keep working together as long as there is enough opportunity for both sides to move on. From the principal-agent theory, there is a likelihood of conflict between principal and agent, which needs to be well managed to ensure contract farming success within the poultry sector.

  2. Resource dependence theory is based on the idea of economic sociology that farms are embedded in networks of economic interdependencies and social relations. To acquire resources, farms should rely on their relationships with other entities, including competitors, suppliers, creditors, customers and governments. (Roundy and Bayer 2019). This theory has its own shortcomings which are reflected in a power imbalance and, at best, necessitate a compromise in bargaining power of the less-endowed party (Biermann and Harsch 2017; Casciaro and Piskorski 2005).

References

  • Abdulai, Y., and S. Al-hassan. 2016. Effects of contract farming on small-holder soybean farmers’ income in the eastern corridor of the Northern Region, Ghana. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 7 (2): 103–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acheampong, G. 2015. Small and medium-scale enterprise (SME) survival in Ghana: social network theory perspective. PhD thesis, University of Ghana.

  • Adabe, K.E., A.G. Abbey, I.S. Egyir, J.K. Kuwornu, and H. Anim-Somuah. 2019. Impact of contract farming on product quality upgrading: The case of rice in Togo. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9 (4): 314–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adei, D., and B. Asante. 2012. The challenges and prospects of the poultry industry in Dormaa district. Journal of Science and Technology Ghana. https://doi.org/10.4314/just.v32i1.11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adjognon, S., and A. Naseem. 2012. Contract farming as a tool for poverty reduction in Africa. Research to Practice Policy Briefs, ISID 4: 2–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrillon, A., R. Pirracchio, and S. Chevret. 2020. Performance of propensity score matching to estimate causal effects in small samples. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 29 (3): 644–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angelucci, F., and P. Conforti. 2010. Risk management and finance along value chains of Small Island Developing States. Evidence from the Caribbean and the Pacific. Food Policy 35 (6): 565–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aning, K. G. 2006. The structure and importance of the commercial and village-based poultry in Ghana. Final Review Report. FAO, Rome.

  • Arouna, A., J.D. Michler, and J.C. Lokossou. 2019. Contract farming and rural transformation: Evidence from a field experiment in Benin. Journal of Development Economics 151: 102626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azumah, S.B., S.A. Donkoh, and D.S. Ehiakpor. 2016. Examining the determinants and effects of contract farming on farm income in the Northern Region of Ghana. Ghana Journal of Science, Technology and Development 4 (1): 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannor, R.K., S. Abele, J.K. Kuwornu, H. Oppong-Kyeremeh, and E.D. Yeboah. 2020. Consumer segmentation and preference for indigenous chicken products. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies. https://doi.org/10.1108/jadee-08-2020-0162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bannor, R.K., H. Oppong-Kyeremeh, and E. Adjei-Addo. 2017. Improving the income of small scale rice producers through outgrower scheme in the volta region of Ghana. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 13 (2a): 584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bannor, R.K., H. Oppong-Kyeremeh, M. Derkyi, A.Y. Adombila, and E.C. Amrago. 2020b. Village savings and loans association participation and impact on off-farm income among rural women. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 14 (4): 539–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, C.B., M.E. Bachke, M.F. Bellemare, H.C. Michelson, S. Narayanan, and T.F. Walker. 2012. Smallholder participation in contract farming: Comparative evidence from five countries. World Development 40 (4): 715–730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann, P. 2000. Equity and efficiency in contract farming schemes: The experience of agricultural tree crops. Overseas Development Institute 111: 39–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellemare, M.F., and J.R. Bloem. 2018. Does contract farming improve welfare? A review. World Development 112: 259–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellemare, M.F., and L. Novak. 2016. Contract farming and food security. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 99 (2): 357–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bezabeh, A., F. Beyene, J. Haji, and T. Lemma. 2020. Impact of contract farming on income of smallholder malt barley farmers in Arsi and West Arsi zones of Oromia region, Ethiopia. Cogent Food and Agriculture 6 (1): 1834662.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biermann, R., and M. Harsch. 2017. Resource dependence theory. In Palgrave Handbook of Inter-Organizational Relations in World Politics, ed. JoachimA. Koops and Rafael Biermann, 135–155. London: Palgrave Macmillan, UK.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Casciaro, T., and M.J. Piskorski. 2005. Power imbalance, mutual dependence, and constraint absorption: A closer look at resource dependence theory. Administrative Science Quarterly 50 (2): 167–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catelo, M. O., & Costales, A. 2008. Contract Farming and Other Market Institutions as Mechanisms for Integrating Smallholder Livestock Producers in the Growth and Development of the Livestock Sector in Developing Countries. PPLPI Working Paper, No. 45.

  • Chamberlain, W., and W. Anseeuw. 2017. Contract farming as part of a multi-instrument inclusive business structure: A theoretical analysis. Agrekon 56 (2): 158–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. 1983. The cost of dichotomization. Applied Psychological Measurement 7 (3): 249–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colin, J.P. 2012. Sharecropping in non-traditional agro-export production: The Abougnon contract for pineapple cultivation in Côte d’Ivoire. The European Journal of Development Research 24 (4): 627–643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornelissen, T., C. Dustmann, A. Raute, and U. Schönberg. 2016. From LATE to MTE: Alternative methods for the evaluation of policy interventions. Labour Economics 41: 47–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damoah, A. R. 2012. The effects of Benso Oil Palm Plantation on Smallholder Farmers’ Scheme on Rural Poverty Reduction in the Mpohor Wassa East District of Ghana. MSc thesis, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi.

  • DeCoster, J., M. Gallucci, and A.M.R. Iselin. 2011. Best practices for using median splits, artificial categorization, and their continuous alternatives. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 2 (2): 197–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeCoster, J., A.M.R. Iselin, and M. Gallucci. 2009. A conceptual and empirical examination of justifications for dichotomization. Psychological Methods 14 (4): 349–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delarue, J., and H. Cochet. 2013. Systemic impact evaluation: a methodology for complex agricultural development projects. The case of a contract farming project in Guinea. The European Journal of Development Research 25 (5): 778–796.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dubbert, C., and A. Abdulai. 2021. Does the contract type matter? Impact of marketing and production contracts on cashew farmers’ farm performance in Ghana. Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization. https://doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2020-0040.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Jor, N.K. 2017. Agency problem types from a corporate governance perspective. In Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation in the Middle East, ed. Philippe W. Zgheib, 175–191. Pennsylvania: IGI Global.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Emsley, R., M. Lunt, A. Pickles, and G. Dunn. 2008. Implementing double-robust estimators of causal effects. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata 8 (3): 334–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etuah, S., G.K. Nurah, and A. Ohene-Yankyera. 2013. Profitability and constraints of broiler production: Empirical evidence from Ashanti Region of Ghana. Journal of Business & Economics 5 (2): 228–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO. 2014. Poultry Sector Ghana. FAO Animal Production and Health Livestock Country Reviews, 6. Rome: FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, M.H. 2015. Robust inference on average treatment effects with possibly more covariates than observations. Journal of Econometrics 189 (1): 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GAIN Report. 2017. Ghana Poultry Report Annual. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=2017%20ghana%20poultry%20report%20annual%20_accra_ghana_5-23-2017.pdf

  • Gatto, M., M. Wollni, R. Asnawi, and M. Qaim. 2017. Oil palm boom, contract farming, and rural economic development: Village-level evidence from Indonesia. World Development 95: 127–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, D., and K. Kusterer. 2016. Small farmers, big business: Contract farming and rural development. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11533-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, A.N., and K.M. Quinn. 2010. An introduction to the augmented inverse propensity eighted estimator. Political Analysis 18 (1): 36–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, W.H., and D.A. Hensher. 2008. Modeling ordered choices: A primer and recent developments. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1213093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, S., M. Fraser, and Q. Chen. 2020. Propensity score analysis: Recent debate and discussion. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research 11 (3): 463–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gujarati, D.N., C.D. Porter, and S. Gunasekar. 2012. Basic Econometrics, 5th ed. New Delhi-India: McGraw Hill Education India Private Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, J.R., and G.H. McClelland. 2003. Negative consequences of dichotomizing continuous predictor variables. Journal of Marketing Research 40 (3): 366–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, M. 2010. Contract Farming, Rural Livelihoods and Development in sub-Saharan Africa. BSc thesis, Lund University.

  • Kamoyo, M., and P.F. Guta. 2021. Family poultry development systems among smallholder broiler farmers in the Goromonzi district of Zimbabwe. Community Development 1: 15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2021.1909627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, B., N.H. Kamarulzaman, and N.A. Hamzah. 2015. The impact of public-assisted contract farming programmes in Malaysia. Journal of Agribusiness Marketing 7: 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khanal, A.R., and A.K. Mishra. 2018. Impacts of Contract Farming Decisions on High Value Crop Production of Smallholder Nepalese Farmers: A Multinomial Endogenous Switching Regression Approach, 1–27. Washington, D.C.: Agricultural & Applied Economics Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiwanuka-Lubinda, R.N., J.N. Ng’ombe, and C. Machethe. 2021. Impacts of interlocked contractual arrangements on dairy farmers’ welfare in Zambia: A robust Bayesian instrumental variable analysis. Agrekon 60 (1): 10–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumah, K. R. 2015. Why do smallholders decide to produce on contract? The views of traditional staple foods producers in the upper east region of Ghana. MSc thesis, University of Oslo, Norway.

  • Laroche Dupraz, C., and A. Postolle. 2013. Food sovereignty and agricultural trade policy commitments: How much leeway do West African nations have? Food Policy 38: 115–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, W., A. Latif, and R. Ullah. 2017. Simultaneous adoption of contract farming and off-farm diversification for managing agricultural risks: The case of flue-cured Virginia tobacco in Pakistan. Natural Hazards 86 (3): 1347–1361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maertens, M., and K. Vande Velde. 2017. Contract-farming in staple food chains: The case of rice in Benin. World Development 95: 73–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meister, S. 2020. Contract Farming and Multidimensional Poverty. https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=9021854&fileOId=9021855

  • Mensah-Bonsu, A., & Rich, K. M. 2010. Ghana’s poultry sector value chains and the impacts of HPAI. Pro-Poor HPAI Risk Reduction Project Working Paper. ILRI, Nairobi.

  • Mensah-Bonsu, A., N.N. Lartey, and J.K.M. Kuwornu. 2019. Gender-segregated analysis of the poultry value chain in Ghana. Gender, Technology and Development 23 (2): 130–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Food and Agriculture. 2020. Revamping the Poultry Sector in Ghana. Available at: http://mofa.gov.gh/site/media-centre/agricultural-articles/321-revamping-the-poultry-sector-in-ghana

  • Minot, N., & B. Sawyer. 2016. Contract farming in developing countries: Theory, practice, and policy implications. Innovation for inclusive value chain development: successes and challenges. Washington DC (USA): IFPRI, 127–158. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/96773949.pdf#page=155

  • Mishra, A.K., A. Kumar, P.K. Joshi, and A. D’souza. 2016. Impact of contracts in high yielding varieties seed production on profits and yield: The case of Nepal. Food Policy 62: 110–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, A.K., A. Kumar, P.K. Joshi, A. D’Souza, and G. Tripathi. 2018. How can organic rice be a boon to smallholders? Evidence from contract farming in India. Food Policy 75: 147–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mora, R., and I. Reggio. 2015. Didq: A command for treatment-effect estimation under alternative assumptions. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata 15 (3): 796–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ncube, D. 2020. The importance of contract farming to small-scale farmers in Africa and the implications for policy: A review scenario. The Open Agriculture Journal 14 (1): 59–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ntaganira, E., J. Shukla, R. Mbeche, and M. Mbabzize. 2017. Determinants of participation in contract farming among smallholder dairy farmers in Rwanda. Int. J. Thesis Project Dissertation.

  • Odunze, D., J. Van Niekerk, and S. Ndlovu. 2015. Assessment of factors that impact on the viability of contract farming: A case study of maize and soya beans in Mashonaland West and Central Provinces in Zimbabwe. South African Journal of Agricultural Extension. https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2015/v43n2a358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olounlade, O.A., G.C. Li, S.E.H. Kokoye, F.V. Dossouhoui, K.A.A. Akpa, D. Anshiso, and G. Biaou. 2020. Impact of Participation in Contract Farming on Smallholder Farmers’ Income and Food Security in Rural Benin: PSM and LATE Parameter Combined. Sustainability 12 (3): 901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opoku, S. 2012. Logistic Analysis of Factors Motivating Smallholder Farmers to Engage in Contract Farming Arrangements with Processing Firms in Ghana. Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 2 (11): 58–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, I. 2003. Contract farming in Indonesia: Smallholders and agribusiness working together. ACIAR Technical Reports 54 (88): 3–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prowse, M. 2012. Contract farming in developing countries: a review. Agence française de développement. https://www.afd.fr/en/ressources/contract-farming-developing-countries-review

  • Putri, A.T.R. and Rondhi, M. (2020). Contract farming and the effect on price risk in broiler farming. E3S Web of Conferences, 142, 05002. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014205002

  • Ragasa, C., I. Lambrecht, and D.S. Kufoalor. 2018. Limitations of contract farming as a pro-poor strategy: The case of maize outgrower schemes in Upper West Ghana. World Development 102: 30–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehber, E. (2018) Contract Farming in Practice: An Overview. Zwick Center for Food and Resource Policy Research, 7.

  • Robins, J.M., A. Rotnitzky, and L.P. Zhao. 1994. Estimation of regression coefficients when some regressors are not always observed. Journal of the American Statistical Association 89 (427): 846–866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, P.R., and D.B. Rubin. 1983. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 70 (1): 41–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roundy, P.T., and M.A. Bayer. 2019. To bridge or buffer? A resource dependence theory of nascent entrepreneurial ecosystems. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 11 (4): 550–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruml, A., and M. Qaim. 2020. Effects of marketing contracts and resource-providing contracts in the African small farm sector: Insights from oil palm production in Ghana. World Development 136: 105110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seaman, S.R., and I.R. White. 2011. Review of inverse probability weighting for dealing with missing data. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 22 (3): 278–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahzad, M.F., and A. Abdulai. 2021. The heterogeneous effects of adoption of climate-smart agriculture on household welfare in Pakistan. Applied Economics 53 (9): 1013–1038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J., E. Todd, and P. 2005. Does matching overcome LaLonde’s critique of nonexperimental estimators? Journal of Econometrics 125 (1–2): 305–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steegen, S., F. Tuerlinckx, A. Gelman, and W. Vanpaemel. 2016. Increasing transparency through a multiverse analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science 11 (5): 702–712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Studenmund, A.H. 2016. Using Econometrics: A practical guide. New Delhi, India: Pearson Education Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumberg, J., M. Awo, D. D. Fiankor, G. T. Kwadzo, & J. Thompson. 2013. Ghana’s Poultry Sector: Limited data, conflicting narratives, competing visions. Ghana Poultry

  • Swinnen, J., Colen, L., and Maertens, M. (2013). Constraints to smallholder participation in high-value agriculture in West Africa. Rebuilding West Africa’s Food Potential, A. Elbehri (ed.), 289–312.

  • Technoserve, and IFAD, (2011) Outgrower Schemes Enhancing Profitability; Technical Brief; available online at: http://www.ifad.org/ruralfinance/pub/technoserve.pdf.

  • Thornton, P.K. 2010. Livestock production: Recent trends, future prospects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences 365 (1554): 2853–2867.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ton, G., W. Vellema, S. Desiere, S. Weituschat, and M. D’Haese. 2018. Contract farming for improving smallholder incomes: What can we learn from effectiveness studies? World Development 104: 46–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Väth, S.J., S. Gobien, and M. Kirk. 2019. Socio-economic well-being, contract farming and property rights: Evidence from Ghana. Land Use Policy 81: 878–888.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veterinary Service Department. 2020. Dormaa District Veterinary Office Register of Farmers in the District 2008, 2010 and 2016. District Agricutlural Development Unit- Dormaa Ahenkro.

  • Wainaina, P. W., J. J. Okello, and J. M. Nzuma. 2012. Impact of Contract Farming on Smallholder Poultry Farmers' Income in Kenya. International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) Triennial Conference, Foz do Iguaçu, 18–24 August, 2012, Brazil.

  • Wainaina, P., J. Okello, and J. Nzuma. 2014. “Blessing or Evil? Contract farming, smallholder poultry production and household Welfare in Kenya. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 53: 319–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C.Y., and H.Y. Chen. 2001. Augmented inverse probability weighted estimator for cox missing covariate regression. Biometrics 57 (2): 414–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H.H., Y. Wang, and M.S. Delgado. 2014. The transition to modern agriculture: contract farming in developing economies. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 96 (5): 1257–1271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Will, M. 2013. Contract farming handbook: A practical guide for linking small-scale producers and buyers through business model innovation. Available at: http://www.fao.org/in-action/contract-farming/resources/library-document-detail/en/c/180862/

  • Wossen, T., T. Abdoulaye, A. Alene, M.G. Haile, S. Feleke, A. Olanrewaju, and V. Manyong. 2017. Impacts of extension access and cooperative membership on technology adoption and household welfare. Journal of Rural Studies 54: 223–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wuepper, D., and J. Sauer. 2016. Explaining the performance of contract farming in Ghana: The role of self-efficacy and social capital. Food Policy 62: 11–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, B. 2016. Empirical likelihood in causal inference. Econometric Reviews 35 (2): 201–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

We are profoundly grateful to the broiler poultry farmers who spent time to answer our questionnaires. We also express our deepest gratitude to Ms Wilhemina Kwabeng Owusu for her proofreading of the draft manuscript.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana

    Richard Kwasi Bannor

  2. Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ahafo Regional Agricultural Development Unit, Goaso, Ghana

    Yaw Gyekye

Authors
  1. Richard Kwasi Bannor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yaw Gyekye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard Kwasi Bannor.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

Fig. 6
figure 6

Total expenditure

Full size image
Fig. 7
figure 7

Farm capacity

Full size image
Fig. 8
figure 8

Total value of sales

Full size image
Table 6 Impact of contract farming
Full size table
Table 7 Rosenbaum bounds sensitivity analysis results
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bannor, R.K., Gyekye, Y. Unpacking The Nexus Between Broiler Contract Farming and Its Impact in Ghana. Eur J Dev Res 34, 2759–2786 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-021-00489-8

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-021-00489-8

Keywords

  • Contract farming
  • Impact
  • Poultry
  • Augmented inverse-probability weighting model