Abstract
This paper explores how in the United Kingdom, traffic regulatory systems, cars, and our culture of automobility have been subsumed within a security agenda. Scholars have begun to examine the overlaps between mobilities and security studies, particularly in the context of topics such as migration and terrorism, framing security as a prerequisite to automobility. But little security-mobility research explores how drivers, and the population at large, are themselves securitised through institutions of automobility. The paper details how “surveillant automobility” has manifested in the seemingly mundane traffic systems of the UK, and the deficient transparency and accountability these systems afford. This paper uses government statistics and industry data to support an interdisciplinary theoretical approach, combining mobilities, security, regulatory and Foucauldian approaches.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
References
Aradau, C. 2010. Security that matters: critical infrastructure and objects of protection. Security Dialogue 41 (5): 491–514.
Betts, R.F. 2004. A history of popular culture: more of everything, faster, and brighter. Abingdon: Routledge.
Böhm, S., C. Jones, C. Land, and M. Paterson. 2006. Introduction: impossibilities of automobility. The Sociological Review 54 (1): 1–16.
Conley, J. 2009. Automobile advertisements: the magical and the mundane. In Car troubles: critical studies of automobility and auto-mobility, ed. J. Conley and A.T. McLaren, 37–58. Farnham: Ashgate.
Conley, J., and A.T. McLaren (eds.). 2009. Car troubles: critical studies of automobility and auto-mobility. Farnham: Ashgate.
Crawford, A., and S. Hutchinson. 2016. Mapping the contours of ‘everyday security’: time, space and emotion. The British Journal of Criminology 56 (6): 1184–1202.
De Hert, P., and S. Gutwirth. 2006. Interoperability of police databases within the EU: an accountable political choice? International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 20 (1–2): 21–36.
Dean, M. 2010. Governmentality: power and rule in modern society, 2nd ed. London: Sage.
Dunn, J. 1998. Driving forces: the automobile, its enemies, and the politics of mobility. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Dupont, B. 2004. Security in the age of networks. Policing and Society 14 (1): 76–91.
Dworkin, R. 1977. Taking rights seriously. London: Duckworth.
Ellaway, A., S. Macintyre, R. Hiscock, and A. Kearns. 2003. In the driving seat: psychosocial benefits from private motor vehicle transport compared to public transport. Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour 6 (3): 217–231.
Ericson, R.V., and K.D. Haggerty. 1997. Policing the risk society. Oxford: Clarendon.
Ericson, R.V., and K.D. Haggerty. 2000. The surveillant assemblage. The British Journal of Sociology 51 (4): 605–622.
Farrell, G., and R. Brown. 1980s. On the origins of the crime drop: vehicle crime and security in the 1980s. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice 55 (1–2): 226–237.
Farrell, G., A. Tseloni, and N. Tilley. 2011. The effectiveness of vehicle security devices and their role in the crime drop. Criminology and Criminal Justice 11 (1): 21–35.
Ferguson, S.A., A.P. Hardy, and A.F. Williams. 2003. Content analysis of television advertising for cars and minivans: 1983–1998. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35 (6): 825–831.
Foucault, M. 1991. Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. London: Penguin.
Foucault, M. 2007. Security, territory, population: lectures at the College De France 1977–1978. Ed. Senellart, M. Trans. Burchell, G. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Foucault, M. 2008. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France 1978–1979. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Freund, P. 1993. The ecology of the automobile. Montreal and New York: Black Rose Books.
Gambetta, D., and H. Hamill. 2005. Streetwise: how taxi drivers establish their customers’ trustworthiness. New York: Russell Sage.
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). 2018. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – Final Text Neatly Arranged. https://gdpr-info.eu/ Accessed 10/07/2019
Gearty, C. 2013. Liberty & security. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Goold, B., I. Loader, and A. Thumala. 2010. Consuming security? Tools for a sociology of security consumption. Theoretical Criminology 14 (1): 3–30.
Goold, B., I. Loader, and A. Thumala. 2013. The banality of security: the curious case of surveillance cameras. The British Journal of Criminology 53 (6): 977–996.
Henderson, J. 2006. Secessionist automobility: racism, anti-urbanism, and the politics of automobility in Atlanta, Georgia. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30 (2): 293–307.
Hernandez, D. 2018. Uneven mobilities, uneven opportunities: social distribution of public transport accessibility to jobs and education in Montevideo. Journal of Transport Geography 67: 119–125.
Hood, C. 2001. Public service managerialism: onwards and upwards, or ‘Trobriand Cricket’ again? The Political Quarterly 72 (3): 300–309.
Houlihan, B. and Giulianotti, R. 2012. Politics and the London 2012 Olympics: the (in)security games. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) 88(4): 701–717.
Jain, Sarah S. Lochlann. 2004. "Dangerous instrumentality": the bystander as subject in automobility. Cultural Anthropology 19(1): 61–94.
Kaufmann, V. 2002. Re-thinking mobility: contemporary sociology. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Kester, J. 2018. Governing electric vehicles: mobilizing electricity to secure automobility. Mobilities 13 (2): 200–215.
Landsberger, H.A. 1958. Hawthorne revisited. Ithaca, New York: The New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations.
Leese, M., and S. Wiitendorp. 2017. Security/mobility: politics of movement. Manchester: University of Manchester Press.
Leese, M., and S. Wittendorp. 2018. The new mobilities paradigm and critical security studies: exploring common ground. Mobilities 13 (2): 171–184.
Lippert, R. 2009. Signs of the surveillant assemblage: privacy regulation, urban CCTV, and governmentality. Social & Legal Studies 18 (4): 505–522.
Mattioli, G. 2014. Where sustainable transport and social exclusion meet: households without cars and car dependence in Great Britain. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 16 (3): 379–400.
McLean, F. 2009. SUV advertising: constructing identities and practices. In Car Troubles: Critical Studies of Automobility and Auto-mobility, ed. J. Conley and A.T. McLaren, 59–76. Farnham: Ashgate.
Neocleous, M. 2007a. Security, liberty and the myth of balance: towards a critique of security politics. Contemporary Political Theory 6 (2): 131–149.
Neocleous, M. 2007b. Security, commodity, fetishism. Critique 35 (3): 339–355.
Neocleous, M. 2008. Critique of security. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
O’Malley, P. 1991. Legal networks and domestic security. Studies in Law, Policy and Society 11: 171–190.
O’Malley, P. 2004. Risk, uncertainty and government. London: Glass House.
Orwell, G. 1949. 1984. New York: Penguin.
Rajan, S.C. 2006. Automobility and the liberal disposition. The Sociological Review 54 (1): 113–129.
Rose, E. 2017. Datenbrillen, Drohnen, Dashcams. Datenschutz und Datensicherheit Recht und Sicherheit in Informationsverarbeitung und Kommunikation 41 (3): 137–141.
Rose, N. 2000. Government and control. The British Journal of Criminology 40 (2): 321–339.
Salter, M.B. 2008. Securitisation and desecuritisation: a dramaturgical analysis of the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority. Journal of International Relations and Development 11 (4): 321–349.
Schuilenburg, M. and Peeters, R. 2015. From biopolitics to mindpolitics: Nudging in safety and security management. Open! Platform for Art, Culture & the Public Domain. 1–7.
Shearing, C., and J. Wood. 2003. Nodal governance, democracy, and the new 'denizens'. Journal of Law and Society 30 (3): 400–419.
Sheller, M. 2014. The new mobilities paradigm for a live sociology. Current Sociology 62 (6): 789–811.
Sheller, M., and J. Urry. 2016. Mobilizing the new mobilities paradigm. Applied Mobilities 1 (1): 10–25.
Simons, D. 2009. Bad impressions: the will to concrete and the projectile economy of cities. In Car Troubles: Critical Studies of Automobility and Auto-Mobility, ed. J. Conley and A.T. McLaren, 77–92. Farnham: Ashgate.
Skeggs, B. 2004. Class, Self, Culture. London and New York: Psychology Press.
Soron, D. 2009. Driven to drive: cars and the problem of ‘compulsory consumption’. In Car Troubles: Critical Studies of Automobility and Auto-Mobility, ed. J. Conley and A.T. McLaren, 181–196. Farnham: Ashgate.
Stokes, G., and S. Hallett. 1992. The role of advertising and the car. Transport Reviews 12 (2): 171–183.
Thaler, R.H., and C.R. Sunstein. 2009. Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness. London: Penguin.
Tranter, K. 2014. The car as avatar in Australian social security decisions. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 27 (4): 713–734.
Tseloni, A., J. Mailley, G. Farrell, and N. Tilley. 2010. Exploring the international decline in crime rates. European Journal of Criminology 7 (5): 375–394.
Tyfield, D. 2014. Putting the power in socio-technical regimes: e-mobility transition in China as political process. Mobilities 9 (4): 585–603.
Urry, J. 2004. The system of automobility. Theory, Culture and Society 21 (4–5): 25–39.
Vigar, G. 2002. The Politics of Mobility: Transport, The Environment and Public Policy. London: Spon.
Van Holstein, E. 2018. Digital geographies of grassroots securitisation. Social & Cultural Geography. 19 (8): 1097–1105.
Vuchic, V.R. 1999. Transportation for livable cities. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Center for Urban Policy Research.
Waever, O. 1995. Securitisation and desecuritisation. In On Security, ed. R.D. Lipschutz, 46–86. New York: Columbia University Press.
Walters, W. 2006. Border/control. European. Journal of Social Theory 9 (2): 187–203.
Willis, J.J., C. Koper, and C. Lum. 2017. The adaptation of license-plate readers for investigative purposes: police technology and innovation re-invention. Justice Quarterly 35 (4): 614–638.
Woods, L. 2017. Automated Number Plate Recognition: Data Retention and the Protection of Privacy in Public Places. Journal of Information Rights, Policy and Practice. 2 (1).
Wyn-Jones, R. 1999. Security, strategy and critical theory. London: Lynne Rienner.
Zedner, L. 2003. Too much security? International Journal of the Sociology of Law 31: 155–184.
Zedner, L. 2009. Security. New York and Abingdon: Routledge.
Data Protection Act 2018
Gayer, L. 2016. The need for speed: traffic regulation and the violent fabric of Karachi. Theory, Culture & Society 33 (7–8): 137–158.
Home Office. 2019. National Standards for Compliance and Audit of Law Enforcement ANPR. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-anpr-standards Accessed 07/02/2020.
Web sources
Aviva. 2018. Free smartphone dashcam for UK drivers.https://www.aviva.com/newsroom/news-releases/2018/07/free-smartphone-dashcam-for-uk-drivers/ Accessed 09/07/2018.
BBC. 2018. Westminster car crash: man arrested on suspicion of terror offences. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-45180120 Accessed 30/08/2018.
Big Brother Watch. 2018. The surveillance state in 2018. https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/2018/01/the-surveillance-state-in-2018/ Accessed 07/07/2018.
Biometric Technology Today. 2013. Car makers to monitor fitness to drive with biometrics. Biometrics Technology Today 2013 (1): 12.
Biometric Technology Today. 2014. Ford and Intel join to explore car biometrics. Biometric Technology Today 2014 (7): 12.
Counter Extremism Project. 2018. Vehicles as weapons of terror: executive summary https://www.counterextremism.com/vehicles-as-weapons-of-terror Accessed 30/05/2018.
Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency. 2018. History of road safety, The Highway Code and the driving test. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/history-of-road-safety-and-the-driving-test/history-of-road-safety-the-highway-code-and-the-driving-test Accessed 07/06/2018.
The Economist. 2018. I know what you’ll do next summer: more data and surveillance are transforming justice systems. https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2018-05-02/justice Accessed 13/06/2018.
Exminster Garage. 2016. Top 10 apps for drivers UK.https://exminstergarage.co.uk/top-10-apps-for-drivers/ Accessed 30/05/2018.
FirstCall. 2017. In-vehicle security and GPS monitoring. https://www.firstcallcss.com/solutions/in-vehicle-security-and-gps-monitoring/ Accessed 30/05/2018.
GoCompare. 2018. Claims and Underwriting Exchange database (CUE) https://www.gocompare.com/car-insurance/cue-database/ Accessed 10/07/2018.
GOV.UK. 2014. Guidance: proof of identity checklist. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proof-of-identity-checklist/proof-of-identity-checklist Accessed 06/06/2018.
GOV.UK. 2020. Applying for your full drivers licence. https://www.gov.uk/apply-for-your-full-driving-licence Accessed 15/04/2020.
The Guardian. 2012. NYPD and Microsoft launch advanced citywide surveillance system. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/08/nypd-microsoft-surveillance-system Accessed 30/07/2018.
The Guardian. 2014. CCTV cameras on Britain's roads capture 26 million images every day. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jan/23/cctv-cameras-uk-roads-numberplate-recognition Accessed 30/05/2018.
The Independent. 2017a. 'Talon' spikes introduced in London to halt vehicle terror attacks. []https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/talon-spikes-london-stop-lorry-terror-attacks-vehicle-truck-met-police-scotland-yard-events-a7940246.html Accessed 06/07/2018.
The Independent. 2017b. How technology is allowing police to predict where and when crime will happen. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-big-data-technology-predict-crime-hotspot-mapping-rusi-report-research-minority-report-a7963706.html Accessed 30/07/2018.
Martin, E.R. 2016. Driving exam: how much privacy are drivers willing to give up for better car insurance rates? ABA Journal 102 (4).
Motor Insurers Bureau. 2018. About us: management and governance. https://www.mib.org.uk/about-mib/management-and-governance/ Accessed 06/06/2018.
Police Foundation. 2014. The briefing: CCTV.https://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/cctv.pdf Accessed 08/06/2018.
Police.UK (Home Office). 2018. Automatic Number Plate Recognition. https://www.police.uk/information-and-advice/automatic-number-plate-recognition/ Accessed 15/06/2018.
The Telegraph. 2016. Get behind the wheel with the free Aviva Drive app. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/road-safety/behind-wheel-with-aviva-drive-app/
The Telegraph (2018) Timeline of vehicle rampage attacks in Europe. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/news/timeline-vehicle-terror-attacks-europe/ Accessed 06/07/2018.
Uber. 2018. Safe rides, safer cities. https://www.uber.com/en-GB/safety/ Accessed 07/07/2018.
Venturebeat. 2017. Why biometrics are the key to driver authentication in connected cars. https://venturebeat.com/2017/02/07/why-biometrics-are-the-key-to-driver-authentication-in-connected-cars/ Accessed 28/05/2018.
Official sources
Department for Transport. 2008. Who we share information with and why.https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120817154603/https://www.dft.gov.uk/publications/dft-sharing-information/ Accessed 03/07/2018.
Department for Transport. 2014. National travel survey England 2014. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/457752/nts2014-01.pdf Accessed 03/07/2018.
Department for Transport. 2016. Road use statistics Great Britain 2016. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514912/road-use-statistics.pdf Accessed 03/07/2018.
Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. 2017. DVLA data sharing strategy.https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/592987/dvla-data-sharing-strategy.pdf Accessed 03/06/2018.
Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. 2018. Who DVLA shares data with: volumes Q4 2015 to 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/who-dvla-shares-data-with Accessed 03/06/2018.
Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. 2020. Who DVLA shares data with: volumes 2016 to 2020.https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/who-dvla-shares-data-with Accessed 07/02/2020.
Home Office. 2012. Protecting crowded places: design and technical issues. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/97992/design-tech-issues.pdf Accessed 01/07/2018.
Home Office. 2013. Surveillance Camera Code of Practice 2013. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/204775/Surveillance_Camera_Code_of_Practice_WEB.pdf Accessed 23/06/2018.
House of Commons Library. 2018. Claimant experience of the Personal Independence Payment process. https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-library/Claimant-experience-of-the-Personal-Independence-Payment-process-CDP-2018-0020.pdf Accessed 16/07/2018.
NPCC. 2016. Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) Factsheet – April 2016. https://www.npcc.police.uk/documents/ANPR%2520Factsheet.pdf Accessed 06/06/2018.
Secured by Design. 2017. Resilient design tool for counter terrorism.https://www.securedbydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/resilient-design-tool-for-counter-terrorism.pdf Accessed 05/07/2018.
Surveillance Camera Commissioner. 2018. Surveillance Camera Commissioner annual report 2016/17. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/672286/CCS207_CCS0118716124-1_Annex_A_-_AR_2017-_web.pdf Accessed 02/06/2018.
Surveillance Camera Commissioner. 2019. Surveillance Camera Commissioner annual report 2017/18. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/772440/CCS207_CCS1218140748-001_SCC_AR_2017-18_Web_Accessible.pdf Accessed 07/02/2020.
Motor Car Act 1903
Road Traffic Act 1988
Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) Regulations 2002
Joined Cases C-203/15 and C-698/15 Tele2/Watson, judgment 21 December 2016 (Grand Chamber) ECLI:EU:C:2016:572 and 970
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Greenwood-Reeves, J. Vehicles of control: the securitisation of surveillant automobility in the United Kingdom. Secur J 35, 38–58 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-020-00266-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-020-00266-y