Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The police corruption “crime problem” in Kenya

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Security Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The corruption activities of the Kenya police are conducted primarily through syndicates run by superior officers. Police corruption crime has emerged as a serious “crime problem” in Kenya, perhaps not surprisingly given its reputation as being one of the most corrupt nations in the world. In countries where police corruption is persistent, such as Kenya, it represents a systemic failure of governance where the principal institutions responsible for ensuring police accountability, the observance of ethics and integrity standards, and enforcing the rule of law are compromised and themselves infested with corrupt individuals and syndicates. This work discusses and analyzes the trends and magnitude of police corruption crime in Kenya drawing on available data and providing detailed analysis to show a coherent picture of the police corruption problem and its environmental/situational determinants in the country within the current policing institutional framework.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Source author, based on data from EACC (2012, 2013, 2015, 2017)

Fig. 2

Source author, based on data from TI-Kenya (2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017)

Fig. 3

Source author, based on data from NPS (2017) and KPS (2012)

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  • Andvig, J.C., and T. Barasa. 2011. Cops and Crime in Kenya: A Research Report. Working Paper 794. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.

  • Baker, B. 2018. Is It Complex Environments or Complex Systems that Undermines Police Reform in Developing Countries? Police Practice and Research 19 (4): 398–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayley, D.H. 2006. Changing the Guard: Developing Democratic Police Abroad. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierschenk, T. 2017. Who are the Police in Africa? In Police in Africa: The Street-Level View, ed. J. Beek, M. Gӧpfert, O. Owen, and J. Steinberg, 103–120. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bottoms, A.E., and J. Tankebe. 2017. Police Legitimacy and the Authority of the State. In Criminal Law and the Authority of the State, ed. A. du Bois-Pedain, M. Ulväng, and P. Asp, 47–88. Oxford: Hart Publishing/Bloomsbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • CHRI and KHRC. 2006. The Police, the People, the Politics: Police Accountability in Kenya. London: CHRI/KHRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • EACC. 2012. National Corruption Perception Survey 2011. Nairobi: EACC.

    Google Scholar 

  • EACC. 2013. National Survey on Corruption and Ethics, 2012: Report. Nairobi: EACC.

    Google Scholar 

  • EACC. 2015. National Ethics and Corruption Survey, 2015 Report. Nairobi: EACC.

    Google Scholar 

  • EACC. 2017. National Ethics and Corruption Survey, 2016. Nairobi: EACC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, S., and M. Shaw. 2015. Does Organized Crime Exist in Africa? African Affairs 114 (457): 505–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkenbinder, K., R.E. Lowe, and R. Millen. 2013. Fostering a Police Reform Paradigm. PKSOI Paper. Carlisle: Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, US Army War College.

  • Francis, D.J. (ed.). 2012. Policing in Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Githinji, P. 2017. Corruption in the Kenya Police Force and Impacts on Kenyan Security: Investigating the Need for Police Reforms. Graduation Research Report. United States Air Force Air War College, Air University, Montgomery, Alabama.

  • Goldsmith, A. 2005. Police Reform and the Problem of Trust. Theoretical Criminology 9 (4): 443–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez-Garcia, J.O., and L.-F. Rodriguez. 2016. Social Determinants of Police Corruption: Toward Public Policies for the Prevention of Police Corruption. Policy Studies 37 (3): 216–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hills, A. 2000. Policing Africa: Internal Security and the Limits of Liberalization. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hills, A. 2009. Policing in Kenya: A Selective Service. In Policing Developing Democracies, ed. M.S. Hinton and T. Newburn, 237–259. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hope, K.R. 2012. The Political Economy of Development in Kenya. New York: Bloomsbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hope, K.R. 2013. Tackling the Corruption Epidemic in Kenya: Toward a Policy of More Effective Control. Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies 38 (3): 287–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hope, K.R. 2014. Kenya’s Corruption Problem: Causes and Consequences. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 52 (4): 493–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hope, K.R. 2015. In Pursuit of Democratic Policing: An Analytical Review and Assessment of Police Reforms in Kenya. International Journal of Police Science and Management 17 (2): 91–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hope, K.R. (ed.). 2016a. Police Corruption and Police Reforms in Developing Societies. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hope, K.R. 2016b. An Analytical Perspective on Police Corruption and Police Reforms in Developing Societies. In Police Corruption and Police Reforms in Developing Societies, ed. K.R. Hope, 3–31. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hope, K.R. 2017. Corruption and Governance in Africa: Swaziland, Kenya, Nigeria. New York: Palgrave Macmillan/Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hope, K.R. 2018. Police Corruption and the Security Challenge in Kenya. African Security 11 (1): 84–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Police Science Association (IPSA) and Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP). 2016. World Internal Security and Police Index: 2016. http://insyde.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/WISPI-Report_EN_WEB_0.pdf. Accessed Dec 2017.

  • IPOA. n.d. Who We are. http://www.ipoa.go.ke/ipoa-profile/. Accessed Feb 2018.

  • IPOA. 2013. Baseline Survey on Policing Standards and Gaps in Kenya. Nairobi: IPOA.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPOA. 2014a. The Independent Policing Oversight Authority (IPOA) Files a Case to Nullify the Just Concluded Police Recruitment Exercise. Press Release, August 5, Nairobi.

  • IPOA. 2014b. Police Recruitment: A National Shame and a Sham. Nairobi: IPOA.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPOA. 2015a. IPOA Monitoring Report on the Recruitment of Police Constables: April 2015. Nairobi: IPOA.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPOA. 2015b. Performance Report: January–June 2015. Nairobi: IPOA.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPOA. 2016. Performance Report: January–June 2016. Nairobi: IPOA.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPOA. 2017. Performance Report: July–December 2016. Nairobi: IPOA.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPOA. 2018. End Term Board Report: 2012 2018. Nairobi: IPOA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivković, S.K. 2005. Fallen Blue Knights: Controlling Police Corruption. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavuludi, J. 2015. Speech by the Chairman of the National Police Service Commission During the Release of the Results of SSPS, SPS, ASPS and IAU Officers, Sky Park Plaza, Westlands, 15 October. http://www.npsc.go.ke/index.php/latest-news/202-speech-by-the-chairman-of-the-national-police-service-commission-johnston-kavuludi-during-the-release-of-the-results-of-ssps-sps-asps-and-iau-officers-on-thursday-9th-october-2015-at-sky-park-plaza-westlands. Accessed Jan 2016.

  • Kinoti, F.M. 2017. There and Back Again? Police Reforms Through the Prism of the Recruitment Decisions in the High Court and the Court of Appeal. William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law 24 (1): 127–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinig, J. 1996. The Ethics of Policing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, W. 1972. Report of the Commission to Investigate Alleged Police Corruption. New York: George Braziller.

    Google Scholar 

  • KNCHR. 2016. Disservice to the Service: Report of the Monitoring of the 2016 Recruitment of Police Constables to the National Police Service. Nairobi: KNCHR.

    Google Scholar 

  • KPS. 2012. Annual Crime Report for the Year 2011. Nairobi: KPS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyama, R. 2014. Kenya Faces Uphill Battle to Revamp Police Force. Mail and Guardian, 13 April. http://mg.co.za/article/2014-04-13-kenya-faces-uphill-battle-to-revamp-police-force. Accessed Aug 2015.

  • Loree, D.J. 2006. Corruption in Policing: Causes and Consequences: A Review of the Literature. Ottawa: Research and Evaluation Branch: Community, Contract and Aboriginal Policing Services Directorate, Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S. 2016. Corruption and Anti-corruption in Policing—Philosophical and Ethical Issues. Cham: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mukinda, F. 2018. Alarm as More Police Officers Turn into Dangerous Criminals. Daily Nation, 4 April. https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Alarm-as-police-officers-turn-into-dangerous-criminals-at-night/1056-4366870-hm4p75/index.html. Accessed April 2018.

  • Mwandia, J. 2014. Systemic Corruption and Embezzlement Began at Independence. Weekend Star, 16/17 August: p. XIV.

  • Ndungú, C.G. 2017. Failure to Reform: A Critique of Police Vetting in Kenya. ICTJ Briefing. Nairobi: The International Center for Transitional Justice-Kenya.

  • Neild, R. 2007. USAID Program Brief: Anticorruption and Police Integrity. Washington, DC: USAID.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newburn, T. 1999. Understanding and Preventing Police Corruption: Lessons from the Literature. Police Research Series Paper 110. London: Home Office.

  • Newburn, T. 2015. Literature Review—Police Integrity and Corruption. London: Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngugi, B. 2015. Kenyan Police Fight a War on Terror While Fighting for a Living Wage. Equal Times, 29 April: p. 1.

  • Njuguna, E., J. Ndung’u, and K. Achilles. 2015. Institutionalizing Police Reforms in Kenya: Lessons from 2012 2015. London: Saferworld.

    Google Scholar 

  • NPS. 2017. Annual Crime Report 2016. Nairobi: NPS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odanga, I. 2016. Kenya Police Officers Use Vetting Forum to Vent Frustrations. Standard Digital, 22 August. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000212873/kenya-police-officers-use-vetting-forum-to-vent-frustrations. Accessed July 2017.

  • Ogada, M. 2016. Deepening Police Reforms in Kenya Post-national Accord: Policy Implications. London: Saferworld.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ombati, C. 2017. Four Police Officers Arrested After Robbing Chinese National of Sh2m in Limuru. Standard Digital, 23 July. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001248830/four-police-officers-arrested-after-robbing-chinese-national-of-sh2m-in-limuru. Accessed July 2017.

  • Omollo, K. 2016. 302 Traffic Police Officers Sacked for Evading Vetting. Standard Digital, 10 June. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000204656/302-traffic-police-officers-sacked-for-evading-vetting. Accessed Sep 2016.

  • Osse, A. 2016. Police Reform in Kenya: A Process of “meddling through”. Policing and Society 26 (8): 907–924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otieno, C., L. Omanya, J. Atiang, C. Chegero, E. Atinga, A. Shereta, and R. Hawi. 2015. A Decade of Police Reforms and the Future of Policing in Kenya. London: Saferworld.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, A. 2016. Kenya Tackles Corruption by Getting Rid of 302 Police Officers. Answers Africa, 10 June: p. 1.

  • Peralta, E. 2017. Kenyan Bus Driver Speaks Out Against Everyday Corruption on Live TV. NPR, 4 February. http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/02/04/512053554/kenyan-bus-driver-speaks-out-against-everyday-corruption-on-live-tv. Accessed June 2017.

  • Perschler-Desai, V. 2014. External Review: Police Reform Program in Kenya—KENZO4. Nairobi: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prenzler, T. 2009. Police Corruption: Preventing Misconduct and Maintaining Integrity. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pring, C. 2015. People and Corruption: Africa Survey 2015: Global Corruption Barometer. Berlin: Transparency International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Punch, M. 1985. Conduct Unbecoming: The Social Construction of Police Deviance and Control. London: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Punch, M. 2000. Police Corruption and Its Prevention. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 8 (3): 301–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Punch, M. 2003. Rotten Orchards: “Pestilence”, Police Misconduct and System Failure. Policing and Society 13 (2): 171–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Punch, M. 2011. Police Corruption: Deviance, Accountability and Reform in Policing. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Kenya. 2009. Report of the National Task Force on Police Reforms. The Ransley Report. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya.

  • Republic of Kenya. 2010. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Kenya. 2011a. National Police Service Act, 2011. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Kenya. 2011b. The National Police Service Commission Act, 2011. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Kenya. 2011c. Independent Policing Oversight Authority Act, 2011. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Kenya. 2014. The National Police Service (Amendment) Act, 2014. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Kenya. 2016. Revised Police Reforms Program Document 2015–2018: A Strategy Framework for Implementation of Reforms in the National Police Service. Nairobi: Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roebuck, J.B., and T. Barker. 1974. A Typology of Police Corruption. Social Problems 21 (3): 423–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, J.I. 2012. Policing Issues: Challenges and Controversies. Burlington: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swope, R. 2001. Bad Apples or Bad Barrel? Law and Order 49 (1): 80–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tankebe, J. 2014. Police Legitimacy. In The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing, ed. M.D. Reisig and R.J. Kane, 238–259. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • TI-Kenya. 2009. The East African Bribery Index 2009. Nairobi: TI-Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • TI-Kenya. 2012. The East African Bribery Index 2012. Nairobi: TI-Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • TI-Kenya. 2013. The East African Bribery Index 2013. Nairobi: TI-Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • TI-Kenya. 2014. The East African Bribery Index 2014. Nairobi: TI-Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • TI-Kenya. 2017. The East African Bribery Index 2017. Nairobi: TI-Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC)-Kenya. 2013. Report of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission: Volume IIB. Nairobi: TJRC-Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNCAT. 2013. Concluding Observations on the Second Periodic Report of Kenya, Adopted by the Committee at its Fiftieth Session (6–31 May 2013). New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Department of State. 2018. Kenya 2017 Human Rights Report. Washington, DC: US Department of State.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wachira, M. 2016. Corrupt Police Bosses Exposed by Juniors. kenyans.co.ke, 26 May. https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/corrupt-police-bosses-exposed-juniors. Accessed Dec 2016.

  • Wanjala, R. 2013. Tackling Police Corruption in Kenya. Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 6 August. https://iwpr.net/global-voices/tackling-police-corruption-kenya. Accessed Dec 2016.

  • Warah, R. 2014. Corruption, Politics and Tribalism Have Neutered Our Security Services. Daily Nation, 4 August: p. 12.

  • Williams, H. 2002. Core Factors of Police Corruption Across the World. Forum on Crime and Society 2 (1): 85–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J.R.T. 1997. Final Report of the Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service: Volume 2: Reform. Sydney: Government of the State of New South Wales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, D. 2007. Conceptual Framework for Policing in Africa. http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/aj/police/india/workshops/conceptual_framework_of_policing_in_africa.pdf. Accessed Dec 2016.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kempe Ronald Hope Sr..

Ethics declarations

No funding was received for this work and it does not contain any studies with human participants performed by the author.

Conflict of interest

The author has declared no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hope, K.R. The police corruption “crime problem” in Kenya. Secur J 32, 85–101 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-018-0149-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-018-0149-y

Keywords

Navigation