Skip to main content
Log in

Will you speak up for me? Inducing retail store managers’ engagement with MNCs’ brands across cultures

  • Published:
Journal of International Business Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Many consumer goods multinational companies (MNCs) operate host-market subsidiaries that are responsible for managing relationships with local retailers. These retailers often follow a decentralized approach by formally involving their store managers in key decision-making processes related to the MNCs’ brands. While store managers play a key role in the success of MNCs’ brands, two key questions remain unanswered: (1) what drives a store manager’s psychological engagement with MNCs’ brands across cultures, and (2) do cultural differences matter to translating store managers’ psychological brand engagement into constructive brand voice behavior? We answer these questions using a multilevel dataset spanning nine Latin American countries/MNC subsidiaries, five data sources, and three time periods. The findings reveal that uncertainty avoidance exerts a differing moderating influence on the relationship of MNC–retailer relationship investment and the store managers' MNC brand knowledge with psychological brand engagement, whereas individualism and uncertainty avoidance positively moderate the effect of MNC’s extra-contractual incentives on store managers' psychological brand engagement. Also, psychological brand engagement takes on a more important role in leading store managers to speak up, at lower levels of long-term orientation. Finally, we show that inducing store managers to engage in constructive brand voice behavior increases time-lagged, objective data on MNC’s salesperson performance.

Résumé

De nombreuses entreprises multinationales (Multinational Companies – MNCs) de biens de consommation exploitent des filiales sur les marchés d'accueil lesquelles sont chargées de gérer les relations avec les détaillants locaux. Ces détaillants suivent souvent une approche décentralisée en impliquant formellement leurs directeurs de magasin dans les processus décisionnels clés liés aux marques des MNCs. Alors que les directeurs de magasin jouent un rôle clé dans le succès de ces dernières, deux questions essentielles restent sans réponse : (a) qu'est-ce qui motive l'engagement psychologique d'un directeur de magasin envers les marques des MNCs à travers les cultures ? et (b) les différences culturelles ont-elles de l'importance pour traduire l'engagement psychologique des directeurs de magasin envers les marques en un comportement constructif de représentation de la marque ? Nous répondons à ces questions à l'aide d'un ensemble de données multi-niveaux couvrant neuf pays d'Amérique latine/filiales de MNCs, cinq sources de données et trois périodes de temps. Les résultats révèlent que l'évitement de l'incertitude exerce une influence modératrice différente sur la relation entre l'investissement dans la relation MNC-détaillant et la connaissance de la marque des MNCs du directeur de magasin avec l'engagement psychologique envers celle-ci, tandis que l'individualisme et l'évitement de l'incertitude modèrent positivement l'impact des incitations extracontractuelles des MNCs sur l'engagement psychologique envers la marque du directeur de magasin. De plus, l'engagement psychologique envers la marque joue un rôle plus important en amenant les directeurs de magasin à s'exprimer, à des niveaux inférieurs d'orientation à long terme. Enfin, nous montrons que le fait d'inciter les directeurs de magasin à adopter un comportement constructif de représentation de la marque augmente les données objectives décalées dans le temps sur les performances des vendeurs des MNCs.

Resumen

Muchas empresas multinacionales (EMN) de bienes de consumo tienen filiales en los mercados anfitriones que se encargan de gestionar las relaciones con los minoristas locales. Estos minoristas con frecuencia siguen un enfoque descentralizado, involucrando formalmente a sus gerentes de tienda en los procesos de toma de decisiones clave relacionadas con las marcas de las multinacionales. Mientras que los gerentes de tienda desempeñan un papel clave en el éxito de las marcas de las multinacionales, hay dos preguntas clave que siguen sin ser respondidas: (a) ¿qué motiva el compromiso psicológico de los gerentes de tienda con las marcas de las multinacionales en las distintas culturas? y (b) ¿importan las diferencias culturales a la hora de traducir el compromiso psicológico de los gerentes de tienda con un comportamiento constructivo de ser voz de una marca? Respondemos a estas preguntas utilizando un conjunto de datos multinivel que abarca nueve países de América Latina y filiales de multinacionales, cinco fuentes de datos y tres periodos de tiempo. Los resultados revelan que la evitación de la incertidumbre ejerce una influencia moderadora diferente en la relación entre la inversión en la relación multinacional-minorista y el conocimiento de la marca de la multinacional por parte del gerente de tienda con el compromiso psicológico con la marca, mientras que el individualismo y la evitación de la incertidumbre moderan positivamente el efecto de los incentivos extra-contractuales de la multinacional en el compromiso psicológico del gerente de tienda con la marca. Así mismo, el compromiso psicológico con la marca toma un papel más importante al inducir a los gerentes de tienda a dar su opinión, a niveles más bajos de orientación a largo plazo. Finalmente, mostramos que inducir a los gerentes de tienda a adoptar un comportamiento constructivo de voz de marca aumenta los datos objetivos y desfasados en el tiempo sobre el rendimiento de los vendedores de la EMN.

Resumo

Muitas empresas multinacionais de bens de consumo (MNCs) operam subsidiárias no mercado anfitrião que são responsáveis por gerenciar relacionamentos com varejistas locais. Esses varejistas geralmente seguem uma abordagem descentralizada envolvendo formalmente seus gerentes de loja nos principais processos de tomada de decisão relacionados às marcas das MNCs. Embora gerentes de loja desempenhem um papel fundamental no sucesso das marcas das MNCs, duas questões principais permanecem sem resposta: (a) o que impulsiona o envolvimento psicológico de um gerente de loja com marcas de MNCs entre culturas? e (b) diferenças culturais são importantes para traduzir o engajamento psicológico de gerentes de loja com a marca em um comportamento de voz da marca construtivo? Respondemos a essas perguntas usando um banco de dados multinível abrangendo nove países latino-americanos/subsidiárias de MNC, cinco fontes de dados e três períodos de tempo. Resultados revelam que evitação da incerteza exerce uma influência moderadora diferente na relação entre o investimento no relacionamento MNC-varejista e o conhecimento da marca MNC do gerente de loja com envolvimento psicológico da marca, enquanto individualismo e evitação de incerteza moderam positivamente o efeito de incentivos extracontratuais da MNC no engajamento psicológico na marca por parte do gerente da loja. Além disso, engajamento psicológico com a marca assume um papel mais importante ao levar gerentes de loja a falar, em níveis mais baixos de orientação de longo prazo. Finalmente, mostramos que induzir gerentes de loja a se envolverem em um comportamento de voz da marca construtivo aumenta os dados objetivos e defasados no o desempenho de vendedores da MNC.

摘要

许多消费品跨国公司 (MNC) 在东道国市场运营负责管理与当地零售商关系的子公司。这些零售商通常采取分权的方式让它们的门店经理正式参与到与MNC品牌相关的关键决策过程中。尽管门店经理在MNC品牌的成功中发挥着关键作用, 有两个关键问题仍未得到解答:(a) 是什么促使门店经理对跨文化的MNC品牌有心理参与? (b) 文化差异对于将门店经理的心理品牌参与转化为建设性品牌建言行为是否重要?我们使用跨越九个拉丁美洲国家/ MNC子公司、五个数据源和三个时间段的多层次数据集来回答这些问题。研究结果表明, 不确定性规避对MNC-零售商关系投资和门店经理的MNC品牌知识与心理品牌参与的关系有不同的调节作用, 而个体主义和不确定性规避对MNC的合同外激励对门店经理心理品牌参与的影响有积极的调节作用。此外, 心理品牌参与在长期导向的较低层面对引导门店经理发声起着更重要的作用。最后, 我们表明, 引导门店经理参与建设性品牌建言行为会增加关于MNC销售人员绩效的时滞、客观数据。

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Aguinis, H., Gottfredson, R. K., & Culpepper, S. A. 2013. Best-practice recommendations for estimating cross-level interaction effects using multilevel modeling. Journal of Management, 39(6): 1490–1528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahearne, M., Jelinek, R., & Jones, E. 2007. Examining the effect of salesperson service behavior in a competitive context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 35(4): 603–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alon, I., & Jaffe, E. 2013. Global marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E., & Weitz, B. 1992. The use of pledges to build and sustain commitment in distribution channels. Journal of Marketing Research, 29(1): 18–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. 2010. Bayesian analysis using Mplus: Technical implementation. https://www.statmodel.com/download/Bayes3.pdf. Accessed 3 December 2022.

  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. 2014. Multiple-group factor analysis alignment. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(4): 495–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. 1988. On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1): 74–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, J. T., Chapman, K., & Palmatier, R. W. 2015. Understanding relationship marketing and loyalty program effectiveness in global markets. Journal of International Marketing, 23(3): 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D. E., Lal, R., & Salmon, W. J. 2004. Globalization of retailing. In J. Quelch, & R. Deshpande (Eds.), The global market: Developing a strategy to manage across borders: 288–312. San Francisco: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birnik, A., & Bowman, C. 2007. Marketing mix standardization in multinational corporations: A review of the evidence. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(4): 303–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, R. N. 1998. A dynamic model of the duration of the customer’s relationship with a continuous service provider: The role of satisfaction. Marketing Science, 17(1): 45–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, R. J., Hollebeek, L. D., Jurić, B., & Ilić, A. 2011. Customer engagement: Conceptual domain, fundamental propositions, and implications for research. Journal of Service Research, 14(3): 252–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chabowski, B. R., Samiee, S., & Hult, G. T. M. 2017. Cross-national research and international business: An interdisciplinary path. International Business Review, 26(1): 89–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, M. H., & Harrington, J. E. 2000. Centralization vs. decentralization in a multi-unit organization: A computational model of a retail chain as a multi-agent adaptive system. Management Science, 46(11): 1427–1440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chelminski, P., & Coulter, R. A. 2007. The effects of cultural individualism and self-confidence on propensity to voice: From theory to measurement to practice. Journal of International Marketing, 15(4): 94–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, H., & Beretvas, S. N. 2012. The impact of ignoring multiple membership data structures in multilevel models. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 65(2): 185–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuervo-Cazurra, A., Anderson, U., Brannen, M. Y., Nielsen, B. B., & Reuber, A. R. 2016. From the editors: Can I trust your findings? Ruling out alternative explanations in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(8): 881–897.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, A. 2019. Canned! Woolworths REFUSES to stock Coke Zero's replacement Coca Cola No Sugar as customers already have enough low-calorie drink choices. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4669486/Woolworths-won-t-stocking-Coca-Cola-No-Sugar.html. Accessed 7 March 2022.

  • Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. 2021. Research constituents, intellectual structure, and collaboration patterns in Journal of International Marketing: An analytical retrospective. Journal of International Marketing, 29(2): 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Draganska, M., Klapper, D., & Villas-Boas, S. B. 2010. A larger slice or a larger pie? An empirical investigation of bargaining power in the distribution channel. Marketing Science, 29(1): 57–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erdem, T., Swait, J., & Louviere, J. 2002. The impact of brand credibility on consumer price sensitivity. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 19(1): 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, J. L., & Johnston, W. J. 2011. Customer response to dissatisfaction: A synthesis of literature and conceptual framework. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(1): 118–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabrielsson, M., Kirpalani, V. M., & Luostarinen, R. 2002. Multiple channel strategies in the European personal computer industry. Journal of International Marketing, 10(3): 73–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallup. 2013. Disengaged employees may be impeding India's growth, October 29. https://news.gallup.com/businessjournal/165608/disengaged-employees-may-impeding-india-growth.aspx. Accessed 19 March 2022.

  • Garen, J. 1984. The returns to schooling: A selectivity bias approach with a continuous choice variable. Econometrica, 52(5): 1199–1218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Germano, S. 2015. Dick’s kicks Adidas off shelves to make space for ‘Idol’ ware. https://www.wsj.com/articles/dicks-kicks-adidas-off-shelves-to-make-space-for-idol-ware-1425403031. Accessed 7 March 2022.

  • Gilliland, D. I., & Bello, D. C. 2001. Channel incentives as unilateral and bilateral governance processes. Journal of Marketing Channels, 8(1–2): 5–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grewal, R., Kumar, A., Mallapragada, G., & Saini, A. 2013. Marketing channels in foreign markets: Control mechanisms and the moderating role of multinational corporation headquarters–subsidiary relationship. Journal of Marketing Research, 50(3): 378–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grewal, R., Saini, A., Kumar, A., Dwyer, F. R., & Dahlstrom, R. 2018. Marketing channel management by multinational corporations in foreign markets. Journal of Marketing, 82(4): 49–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S., Pansari, A., & Kumar, V. 2018. Global customer engagement. Journal of International Marketing, 26(1): 4–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrigan, P., Evers, U., Miles, M. P., & Daly, T. 2018. Customer engagement and the relationship between involvement, engagement, self-brand connection and brand usage intent. Journal of Business Research, 88(July): 388–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, J., Chylinski, M., de Ruyter, K., Keeling, D. I., Hilken, T., & Mahr, D. 2021. Tangible service automation: Decomposing the technology-enabled engagement process (TEEP) for augmented reality. Journal of Service Research, 24(1): 84–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, A. O. 1970. Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, D. A. 1997. An overview of the logic and rationale of hierarchical linear models. Journal of Management, 23(6): 723–744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, D. A., & Gavin, M. B. 1998. Centering decisions in hierarchical linear models: Implications for research in organizations. Journal of Management, 24(5): 623–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. J. 2022. National culture. https://hi.hofstede-insights.com/national-culture. Accessed 12 May 2021.

  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. 2010. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hohenberg, S., & Homburg, C. 2016. Motivating sales reps for innovation selling in different cultures. Journal of Marketing, 80(2): 101–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollebeek, L. D. 2018. Individual-level cultural consumer engagement styles. International Marketing Review, 35(1): 42–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollebeek, L. D., Srivastava, R. K., & Chen, T. 2019. S-D logic–informed customer engagement: Integrative framework, revised fundamental propositions, and application to CRM. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 47(1): 161–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Homburg, C., Kuester, S., Beutin, N., & Menon, A. 2005. Determinants of customer benefits in business-to-business markets: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of International Marketing, 13(3): 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppner, J. J., & Griffith, D. A. 2015. Looking back to move forward: A review of the evolution of research in international marketing channels. Journal of Retailing, 91(4): 610–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppner, J. J., Griffith, D. A., & White, R. C. 2015. Reciprocity in relationship marketing: A cross-cultural examination of the effects of equivalence and immediacy on relationship quality and satisfaction with performance. Journal of International Marketing, 23(4): 64–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D. E., & Ahearne, M. 2010. Energizing the reseller’s sales force: The power of brand identification. Journal of Marketing, 74(4): 81–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jap, S. D., & Ganesan, S. 2000. Control mechanisms and the relationship life cycle: Implications for safeguarding specific investments and developing commitment. Journal of Marketing Research, 37(2): 227–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Y., Colakoglu, S., Lepak, D. P., Blasi, J. R., & Kruse, D. L. 2015. Involvement work systems and operational effectiveness: Exploring the moderating effect of national power distance. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(3): 332–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kashyap, V., Antia, K. D., & Frazier, G. L. 2012. Contracts, extracontractual incentives, and ex post behavior in franchise channel relationships. Journal of Marketing Research, 49(2): 260–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keegan, W. J., & Green, M. C. 2008. Global marketing. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, K. L. 2003. Brand synthesis: The multidimensionality of brand knowledge. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(4): 595–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenning, P., Grzeskowiak, S., Brock, C., & Ahlert, M. 2011. The role of wholesale brands for buyer loyalty: A transaction cost perspective. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 26(3): 162–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, E. S., Cao, C., Wang, Y., & Nguyen, D. T. 2017. Measurement invariance testing with many groups: A comparison of five approaches. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 24(4): 524–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. 2006. A quarter century of culture’s consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural values framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3): 285–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. 2017. A retrospective on culture’s consequences: The 35-year journey. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(1): 12–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kogut, B., & Singh, H. 1988. The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(3): 411–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V., Borah, S. B., Sharma, A., & Akella, L. Y. 2021. Chief marketing officers’ discretion and firms’ internationalization: An empirical investigation. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(3): 363–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V., & Pansari, A. 2016. Competitive advantage through engagement. Journal of Marketing Research, 53(August): 497–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langelaan, S., Bakker, A. B., Van Doornen, L. J., & Schaufeli, W. B. 2006. Burnout and work engagement: Do individual differences make a difference? Personality and Individual Differences, 40(3): 521–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, A. 1992. Network dyads in entrepreneurial settings: A study of the governance of exchange relationships. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(1): 76–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. 2008. Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 11(4): 815–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C., & Green, R. T. 1991. Cross-cultural examination of the Fishbein behavioral intentions model. Journal of International Business Studies, 22(2): 289–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei, J., Dawar, N., & Lemmink, J. 2008. Negative spillover in brand portfolios: Exploring the antecedents of asymmetric effects. Journal of Marketing, 72(3): 111–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonidou, L. C., Palihawadana, D., Chari, S., & Leonidou, C. N. 2011. Drivers and outcomes of importer adaptation in international buyer–seller relationships. Journal of World Business, 46(4): 527–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonidou, L. C., Samiee, S., Aykol, B., & Talias, M. A. 2014. Antecedents and outcomes of exporter–importer relationship quality: Synthesis, meta-analysis, and directions for further research. Journal of International Marketing, 22(2): 21–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Löhndorf, B., & Diamantopoulos, A. 2014. Internal branding: Social identity and social exchange perspectives on turning employees into brand champions. Journal of Service Research, 17(3): 310–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y. 2008. Procedural fairness and interfirm cooperation in strategic alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 29(1): 27–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lusch, R. F., & Vargo, S. L. 2006. Service-dominant logic: Reactions, reflections and refinements. Marketing Theory, 6(3): 281–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. 1997. The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, D., Nezlek, J. B., & Koopmann, B. 2007. Evidence for universality in phenomenological emotion response system coherence. Emotion, 7(1): 57–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., Nakagawa, S., & 37 Members of the Multinational Study of Cultural Display Rules 2008. Culture, emotion regulation, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6): 925–937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maynes, T. D., & Podsakoff, P. M. 2014. Speaking more broadly: An examination of the nature, antecedents, and consequences of an expanded set of employee voice behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(1): 87–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murry, J. P., Jr., & Heide, J. B. 1998. Managing promotion program participation within manufacturer–retailer relationships. Journal of Marketing, 62(1): 58–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, B., & Satorra, A. 1995. Complex sample data in structural equation modeling. Sociological Methodology, 25: 267–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Namin, A., & Dehdashti, Y. 2019. A “hidden” side of consumer grocery shopping choice. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 48(May): 16–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nasdaq. 2013. Bed Bath & Beyond is surviving the Amazon threat. https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/bed-bath-beyond-surviving-amazon-threat-2013-10-25. Accessed 4 May 2022.

  • Palmatier, R. W., Dant, R. P., & Grewal, D. 2007. A comparative longitudinal analysis of theoretical perspectives of interorganizational relationship performance. Journal of Marketing, 71(4): 172–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmatier, R. W., Jarvis, C. B., Bechkoff, J. R., & Kardes, F. R. 2009. The role of customer gratitude in relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 73(5): 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, S. K., & Griffin, M. A. 2011. Understanding active psychological states: Embedding engagement in a wider nomological net and closer attention to performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1): 60–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5): 879–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., Zyphur, M. J., & Zhang, Z. 2010. A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychological Methods, 15(3): 209–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prentice, C., Han, X. Y., Hua, L. L., & Hu, L. 2019. The influence of identity-driven customer engagement on purchase intention. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 47(March): 339–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puma. 2020. Annual report 2020: Puma family. https://cdn.about.puma.com/-/media/files/pdf/sustainability/reports/puma_annual_report_2020.pdf?rev=6866bcb042214ef081bb19d788ce2f14&hash=B353AEA72F89D13BB1E3F3CB46FCDAD2. Accessed 4 May 2022.

  • Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. 2002. Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinartz, W. J., & Berkmann, M. 2018. From customer to partner engagement: A conceptualization and typology of engagement in B2B. In R. W. Palmatier, V. Kumar, & C. M. Harmeling (Eds.), Customer engagement marketing: 243–268. London: Palgrave MacMillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., & Crawford, I. R. 2010. Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3): 617–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, S. K., Balaji, M. S., Soutar, G., Lassar, W. M., & Roy, R. 2018. Customer engagement behavior in individualistic and collectivistic markets. Journal of Business Research, 86(May): 281–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samaha, S. A., Beck, J. T., & Palmatier, R. W. 2014. The role of culture in international relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 78(5): 78–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samaha, S. A., Palmatier, R. W., & Dant, R. P. 2011. Poisoning relationships: Perceived unfairness in channels of distribution. Journal of Marketing, 75(3): 99–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samiee, S., Katsikeas, C. S., & Hult, G. T. M. 2021. The overarching role of international marketing: Relevance and centrality in research and practice. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(8): 1429–1444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwalm, E., & Harding, D. 2000. Winning with the big-box retailers. Harvard Business Review, 78(5): 26–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skarmeas, D., & Robson, M. J. 2008. Determinants of relationship quality in importer–exporter relationships. British Journal of Management, 19(2): 171–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spring, J., & Deutsch, A. 2021. European supermarkets stop selling Brazil beef over deforestation links. https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/european-supermarkets-stop-selling-brazil-beef-over-deforestation-links-2021-12-15/. Accessed 30 September 2022.

  • Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L., & Steel, P. 2010. Examining the impact of culture’s consequences: A three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(3): 405–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R. R., Barr, R. S., Cron, W. L., & Slocum, J. W., Jr. 1998. A process for evaluating retail store efficiency: A restricted DEA approach. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 15(5): 487–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trachtenberg, J. A. 2020. Barnes & Noble’s new boss tries to save the chain—and traditional bookselling. https://www.wsj.com/articles/barnes-nobles-new-boss-tries-to-save-the-chainand-traditional-bookselling-11607144485. Accessed 10 May 2022.

  • Transparency International. 2016. Emerging market companies show low levels of transparency, allowing corruption to thrive. https://www.transparency.org/en/press/emerging-market-companies-show-low-levels-of-transparency-allowing-corrupti. Accessed 30 September 2022.

  • Tung, R. L., & Stahl, G. K. 2018. The tortuous evolution of the role of culture in IB research: What we know, what we don’t know, and where we are headed. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(9): 1167–1189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unilever. 2021. Unilever annual report and accounts. https://www.unilever.com/files/92ui5egz/production/e582e46a7f7170fd10be32cf65113b738f19f0c2.pdf. Accessed 4 May 2022.

  • van Doorn, J., Lemon, K. N., Mittal, V., Nass, S., Pick, D., Pirner, P., & Verhoef, P. C. 2010. Customer engagement behavior: Theoretical foundations and research directions. Journal of Service Research, 13(3): 253–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vida, I., Reardon, J., & Fairhurst, A. 2000. Determinants of international retail involvement: The case of large US retail chains. Journal of International Marketing, 8(4): 37–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vidalon, D., & Denis, P. 2013. Carrefour bets on store bosses in French revamp. https://www.reuters.com/article/carrefour-store-manager/carrefour-bets-on-store-bosses-in-french-revamp-idUKL6N0C3DEQ20130312. Accessed 10 May 2021.

  • Westjohn, S. A., Magnusson, P., Peng, Y., & Jung, H. 2021. Acting on anger: Cultural value moderators of the effects of consumer animosity. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(8): 1591–1615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 2020. World development indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SI.POV.GINI&country=. Accessed 26 September 2020.

  • World Bank. 2021. Data. https://data.worldbank.org/?locations=US-CN-EU-ZJ. Accessed September 8 2021.

  • Wu, J. Y., & Kwok, O. M. 2012. Using SEM to analyze complex survey data: A comparison between design-based single-level and model-based multilevel approaches. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 19(1): 16–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, Y. H., Suh, T., & Kwon, I. W. G. 2010. Do the magnitude and asymmetry of specific asset investments matter in the supplier–buyer relationship? Journal of Marketing Management, 26(9–10): 858–877.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zyphur, M. J., & Oswald, F. L. 2015. Bayesian estimation and inference: A user’s guide. Journal of Management, 41(2): 390–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Author names are listed in order of contribution. The first author would like to thank the VP Sales of a global sporting goods company for endorsing this research and for granting access to multiple sources of data (i.e., salespeople, retail store managers, and objective/archival data across countries). The authors would also like to thank the Editors and the three anonymous reviewers for their invaluable feedback throughout the review process.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nikolaos G. Panagopoulos.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Accepted by Saeed Samiee, Area Editor, 2 December 2022. This article has been with the authors for four revisions.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 314 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Panagopoulos, N.G., Menguc, B. & Mullins, R. Will you speak up for me? Inducing retail store managers’ engagement with MNCs’ brands across cultures. J Int Bus Stud 54, 1222–1255 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-022-00595-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-022-00595-7

Keywords

Navigation