Abstract
When entering international markets, manufacturers of consumer products are expected to adapt their products in order to meet local consumption practices. Doing so is particularly challenging for producers of culturally-specific products—that is, products that are little known, understood, or valued outside their original cultural milieu—whose operations are often deeply embedded in local conventions and traditions. To examine how SMEs navigate tensions between the cultural specificity of products and the cultural embeddedness of operations when expanding internationally, we conducted a multiple case study of Japanese producers of heritage craft located in Kyoto. Our findings reveal three strategies available to address these tensions—namely, selective targeting, cultural adaptation, and cultural transposition—and highlight the pivotal role played by local distributors and foreign designers, serving as cultural intermediaries, in bridging systems of domestic and foreign cultural practices and meanings. Our findings portray product adaptation as an ongoing process that unfolds along with a firm’s international expansion, as producers and intermediaries explore ways to bridge cultural differences. They illuminate the lengthy processes of learning and unlearning, adjusting, and rethinking that underlie managers’ efforts to strike a balance between standardization and adaptation as they internationalize.
Resume
Lors de leur entrée sur les marchés internationaux, les fabricants de produits de consommation devraient adapter leurs produits afin de répondre aux pratiques de consommation locales. Cela est particulièrement difficile pour les producteurs de produits culturellement spécifiques - c’est-à-dire des produits peu connus, compris et valorisés en dehors de leur milieu culturel d’origine - dont les opérations sont souvent profondément ancrées dans les conventions et traditions locales. Pour examiner comment les PME gèrent les tensions entre la spécificité culturelle des produits et l’ancrage culturel des opérations lors de leur expansion internationale, nous avons mené une étude de cas multiple sur les producteurs japonais d’artisanat du patrimoine situés à Kyoto. Nos résultats révèlent trois stratégies disponibles pour faire face à ces tensions, - à savoir, le ciblage sélectif, l’adaptation culturelle et la transposition culturelle - et mettent en évidence le rôle central joué par les distributeurs locaux et les designers étrangers, servant d’intermédiaires culturels, pour combler les pratiques et les systèmes de signification culturels nationaux et étrangers. Nos résultats décrivent l’adaptation des produits comme un processus continu qui se déroule parallèlement à l’expansion internationale d’une entreprise, alors que les producteurs et les intermédiaires explorent les moyens de combler les différences culturelles. Ils mettent en lumière le long processus d’apprentissage et de désapprentissage, d’ajustement et de reconception qui sous-tend les efforts des dirigeants pour trouver un équilibre entre la standardisation et l’adaptation à mesure qu’ils s’internationalisent.
Resumen
Al entrar a los mercados internacionales, se espera que los fabricantes de productos de consumo adapten sus productos para cumplir con las prácticas de consumo locales. Al hacerlo es particularmente desafiante para los productores de productos específicos a una cultura - es decir, productos poco conocidos, entendidos y valorados fuera de su entorno cultural original- cuyas operaciones con frecuencia están profundamente incrustadas en las convenciones y tradiciones locales. Para examinar cómo las PYME navegan por las tensiones entre la especificidad cultural de los productos y la integración cultural de las operaciones cuando se expanden internacionalmente, realizamos un estudio de caso múltiple de los productores japoneses de artesanías patrimoniales ubicadas en Kioto. Nuestros hallazgos revelan tres estrategias disponibles para abordar estas tensiones -en concreto, la focalización selectiva, la adaptación cultural y la transposición cultural- y resaltando el papel primordial desempeñado por los distribuidores locales y los diseñadores extranjeros, que sirven como intermediarios culturales, haciendo puentes entre las prácticas y los sistemas de significado nacionales y extranjeros. Nuestros hallazgos describen la adaptación de productos como un proceso continuo que se despliega junto con la expansión internacional de una empresa, mientras los productores e intermediarios exploran maneras hacer puentes entre las diferencias culturales. Iluminan el largo proceso de aprendizaje y desaprendizaje, ajustando y repensando los esfuerzos que subyace en los gerentes para lograr un equilibrio entre la estandarización y la adaptación a medida que se internacionalizan.
Resumo
Ao entrar em mercados internacionais, espera-se que fabricantes de produtos de consumo adaptem seus produtos para atender práticas locais de consumo. Fazer isso é particularmente desafiador para produtores de produtos culturalmente específicos – isto é, produtos pouco conhecidos, compreendidos e valorizados fora de seu ambiente cultural original - cujas operações costumam estar profundamente enraizadas em convenções e tradições locais. Para examinar como SMEs navegam tensões entre especificidade cultural de produtos e a incorporação cultural das operações ao expandir internacionalmente, realizamos um estudo de caso múltiplo de produtores japoneses de artesanato tradicionais localizado em Kyoto. Nossas descobertas revelam três estratégias disponíveis para lidar com essas tensões - a saber, direcionamento seletivo, adaptação cultural e transposição cultural - e destacam o papel central desempenhado pelos distribuidores locais e designers estrangeiros, servindo como intermediários culturais, ao conectar práticas culturais nacionais e estrangeiras e sistemas de significados. Nossas descobertas retratam adaptação de produto como um processo contínuo que se desenvolve junto com a expansão internacional de uma empresa, à medida que produtores e intermediários exploram formas de conectar diferenças culturais. Elas iluminam o longo processo de aprender e desaprender, ajustar e repensar, que subsiste nos esforços dos gerentes para encontrar um equilíbrio entre padronização e adaptação ao se internacionalizam.
摘要
当进入国际市场时, 消费品制造商预计会让他们的产品去适应市场, 以满足当地消费行为。这样做对那些通常嵌入当地惯例和传统中运营的特定文化产品的生产商(即那些在其原始文化环境之外鲜为人知、理解和重视的产品)尤其具有挑战性。为了研究中小企业如何驾驭产品的文化特殊性与国际扩张时运营的文化嵌入之间的紧张关系, 我们进行了京都传统工艺日本制造商的多案例研究。我们的研究结果揭示了可用来解决紧张关系的三大策略, 即选择性靶标、文化适应和文化换位, 并强调了当地经销商和国外设计师作为文化中介在连接国内外文化实践和含义系统中所发挥的关键作用。我们的研究结果将产品适应描绘为当生产商和中介探寻如何弥合文化差异的途径时随着公司国际扩张而展开的一个持续的过程。 他们阐明了经理人在国际化时实现标准化和适应之间的平衡所做努力背后的漫长的学习与忘却、调整与反思的过程。
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Area Editor Becky Reuber and three anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and developmental comments during the editorial process. Innan Sasaki gratefully acknowledges the continued support and cooperation of the managers of the case firms in Kyoto. She is also grateful to the University of Kyoto for hosting her as guest research associate during the data collection period, and to the Academy of Finland (Application No. 296411) and the Foundation for Economic Education in Finland for the grants she received for data collection. Niina Nummela gratefully acknowledges the support received from the Estonian Research Council for this research (Project PUT1003).
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Sasaki, I., Nummela, N. & Ravasi, D. Managing cultural specificity and cultural embeddedness when internationalizing: Cultural strategies of Japanese craft firms. J Int Bus Stud 52, 245–281 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00330-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00330-0

