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Shifting MNE taxation from national to global profits: A radical reform long overdue

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Abstract

The current “Separate Accounting” taxation of corporations gives governments the right to tax the national incomes of firms operating within their borders. However, multinational and increasingly digital business models beg the question: what is national taxable income? We argue that a radical rethink of the corporate taxation – moving away from a separate taxation of national corporate income to a taxation of global corporate income allocated via “Formula Apportionment” – is long overdue. Global corporate income as a basis for taxation is supported both by recent theoretical developments and corroborating empirical evidence, with the EU and emerging economies including China already considering its adoption. Nor is it new. As we relate, formula apportionment of global corporate income was used a century ago before commercial and political interests promoted separate accounting, thereby providing both precedent and experience to inform its re-adoption.

Résumé

L’imposition actuelle des sociétés selon la “comptabilité séparée” donne aux gouvernements le droit d’imposer les revenus nationaux des entreprises opérant sur leur territoire. Cependant, les modèles d’affaires multinationaux et de plus en plus numériques soulèvent la question suivante: qu’est-ce qu’un revenu national imposable? Nous soutenons qu’il est grand temps de repenser radicalement l’imposition des sociétés; en passant d’une imposition séparée du revenu national des sociétés à une imposition du revenu mondial des sociétés alloué selon une “formule de répartition”. L’idée d’un revenu mondial des sociétés comme base d’imposition est soutenue à la fois par des développements théoriques récents et par des preuves empiriques qui les corroborent; l’Union européenne et les économies émergentes, dont la Chine, envisagent déjà son adoption. Cela n’est pas nouveau. Comme nous le rappelons, la formule de répartition du revenu mondial des sociétés a été utilisée il y a un siècle, avant que les intérêts commerciaux et politiques n’encouragent la comptabilité séparée, fournissant ainsi à la fois un précédent et de l’expérience pour guider sa réadoption.

Resumen

La actual tributación de “Contabilidad Separada” de las empresas da a los gobiernos el derecho a gravar los ingresos nacionales de las empresas que operan dentro de sus fronteras. Sin embargo, los modelos de negocios multinacionales e incrementalmente digitales piden la pregunta: ¿qué es un ingreso nacional gravable? Argumentamos que una reconsideración radical de la tributación corporativa – que se aleja de una tributación separada de los ingresos corporativos nacionales hacia una tributación global de los ingresos asignados mediante una “Distribución de Fórmula” – hace mucho que está pendiente. El ingreso corporativo global como base para la tributación es apoyado tanto por los desarrollos teóricos recientes como con la evidencia empírica comprobada, con la UE y las economías emergentes incluyendo a China que ya están considerando su adopción. Tampoco es nuevo. Como contamos, la distribución de fórmula del ingreso corporativo global fue usado un siglo atrás antes de que los intereses comerciales y políticos promovieran una contabilidad separada, proporcionando de esta manera tanto el precedente como la experiencia para informar su re-adopción.

Resumo

A atual tributação “Contabilidade Separada” das corporações dá aos governos o direito de tributar as rendas nacionais de empresas que operam dentro de suas fronteiras. No entanto, os modelos de negócios multinacionais e cada vez mais digitais colocam a questão: o que é renda tributável nacional? Argumentamos que um radical repensar da tributação corporativa - afastando-se de uma separada tributação da renda nacional das empresas para uma tributação da renda corporativa global alocada via “Rateio de Fórmula” - está muito atrasado. Renda corporativa global como base para tributação é sustentada tanto por desenvolvimentos teóricos recentes quanto por evidências empíricas, com a EU e economias emergentes incluindo China já considerando sua adoção. Tampouco é novo. Conforme nos relacionamos, o rateio de fórmula da renda corporativa global foi usado no século passado, antes de interesses comerciais e políticos promoverem contabilidade separada, fornecendo, assim, precedente e experiência para informar sua readoção.

摘要

目前公司的“单独会计”税收使政府有权对在其境内经营的公司的国家收入征税。然而, 跨国公司和越来越多的数字商业模式提出了一个问题:国家应税收入是多少?我们认为, 对公司税收的彻底重新思考 – 从对国家公司收入的单独征税转变为通过“公式分摊”分配的全球公司收入税 – 已经姗姗来迟。作为税收基础的全球公司收入得到了最近的理论发展和确凿的实证证据的支持, 欧盟和包括中国在内的新兴经济体已经考虑采用它。它也不是新的。就我们而言, 全球公司收入的公式分摊在商业和政治利益促进单独会计之前的一个世纪前被使用, 从而提供了先例和经验, 告示其被重新采用。

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We greatly appreciate the helpful comments and guidance of Alain Verbeke (JIBS Editor-in-Chief), Gary Biddle (JIBS Area Editor), and an anonymous reviewer. The assistance of Griffith University librarians with some difficult to locate historical records is also gratefully acknowledged.

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Correspondence to Sara L. McGaughey.

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McGaughey, S.L., Raimondos, P. Shifting MNE taxation from national to global profits: A radical reform long overdue. J Int Bus Stud 50, 1668–1683 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-019-00233-9

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