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Angel investors around the world

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“What bugs me is this whole start-up scene is a lifestyle, and there are these [angel] investors who think it’s sexy and want to be part of that lifestyle.

New York Times, December 2015, “Tips for the Aspiring Angel Investor”.1

Abstract

We document that the choice between disintermediated individual angel investments and intermediated private equity and venture capital investments depends on legal, economic, and cultural differences. We find evidence of this using PitchBook’s comprehensive data on more than 5000 angel and 80,000 private equity and venture capital investments in 96 countries from 1977 to 2012. The data further indicate that investee firms funded by angels are less likely to successfully exit through either an IPO or an acquisition. These findings are robust to propensity score-matching methods, as well as to clustering standard errors, and excluding U.S. observations, among other approaches.

Résumé

Nous démontrons que le choix entre des investissements providentiels individuels désintermédiés et des investissements intermédiés en capital-investissement et en capital-risque dépend de différences juridiques, économiques et culturelles. Nous en trouvons des preuves en utilisant les données complètes de PitchBook sur plus de 5 000 investissements providentiels et 80 000 investissements en capitaux propres et en capital-risque dans 96 pays de 1977 à 2012. Les données indiquent également que les entreprises bénéficiaires financées par des investisseurs providentiels sont moins susceptibles de sortir avec succès via une introduction en bourse ou une acquisition. Ces résultats sont robustes aux méthodes d’appariement des scores de propension, ainsi qu’à la classification des erreurs standard et à l’exclusion des observations américaines, entre autres approches.

Resumen

Documentamos la elección entre inversiones ángel sin intermediación y fondos privados con intermediarios e inversiones de capital de riesgo dependen de las diferencias legales, económicas y culturales. Encontramos evidencia de esto usando los datos completos de PitchBook en más de 5.000 ángeles y 80.000 inversiones privadas e inversiones de capital de riesgo en 96 países entre 1977 hasta el 2012. Los datos indican además que las empresas con inversión financiada por ángeles tienen menos probabilidades de salir exitosamente mediante ya sea una oferta pública inicial o una adquisición. Estos hallazgos son sólidos para los métodos de concordancia de puntaje de propensión, así como también para agrupar errores estándar y excluir las observaciones de los Estados Unidos, entre otros enfoques.

Resumo

Documentamos que a escolha entre investimentos individuais sem intermediários de investidores anjo e investimentos intermediados de private equity e capital de risco depende de diferenças legais, econômicas e culturais. Encontramos evidências nesse sentido usando dados abrangentes do PitchBook sobre mais de 5.000 investimentos de anjo e 80.000 investimentos de private equity e de capital de risco em 96 países, de 1977 a 2012. Os dados indicam ainda que as empresas investidas financiadas por anjos têm menor probabilidade de sair com sucesso por meio de um IPO ou de uma aquisição. Esses achados são robustos aos métodos de propensity score matching, bem como aos erros padrão de agrupamento e exclusão de observações dos EUA, entre outras abordagens.

摘要

我们记录了非中介个人天使投资与中介私募股权和风险资本投资之间的选择取决于法律、经济和文化差异。我们使用PitchBook的在1977年至2012年期间在96个国家的5000多个天使和80,000个私募股权和风险投资的综合数据, 发现了这方面的证据。数据进一步显示, 由天使投资的被投资公司不太可能通过首次公开募股或收购成功退出。这些发现对于倾向得分匹配法并且对于集群标准误差和排除美国观察以及其它方法是稳健的。

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Acknowledgements

We owe thanks to the Editors, Lemma Senbet and Alain Verbeke, two anonymous reviewers, Sofia Johan, Ming Dong, Moshe Milevsky, Yisong Tian, Josh Lerner, Nancy Ursel, Yelin Zhang, and the seminar participants at the Academy of International Business, the Canadian Law and Economics Association, the International Corporate Governance Society, the Financial Management Association, Catholic University of Milan, Kobe University, Macquarie University, University of Windsor and York University for helpful comments and suggestions. Douglas Cumming owes thanks to the Ontario Research Chairs Program of the Government of Ontario and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for financial support. Finally, we have benefitted from the excellent editorial work of http://gracefullyput.com/.

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Accepted by Lemma Senbet, Area Editor, 30 July 2018. This article has been with the authors for three revisions.

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Cumming, D., Zhang, M. Angel investors around the world. J Int Bus Stud 50, 692–719 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-018-0178-0

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