Abstract
While international business research traditionally portrays foreignness as a liability for dealing with local market idiosyncrasies, this paper argues that it can regularly shift back and forth between being an asset and a liability. Key to this argument is the fact that the performance of a firm in a particular host country can be importantly shaped not only by activities aimed at accessing key external resources in local markets, but also by those targeting resources in global markets. When the focus is tapping into local resource markets, foreignness can be a liability that grows in size with the idiosyncrasies of those markets. But when the same firm in the same host country turns to global markets for external resources, foreignness can become an asset that also increases in value with the significance of local idiosyncrasies. I test this argument by looking at the performance effect of being foreign for private equity (PE) firms when investing in, and when subsequently exiting from, portfolio companies in emerging economies. The analysis capitalizes on a novel dataset tracking 546 PE deals, managed by 45 foreign and local PE firms, and across 49 emerging economies at varying levels of institutional development.
Résumé
Si la recherche en international business représente traditionnellement l’extranéité comme une entrave pour traiter des idiosyncrasies liées au marché local, cet article argumente qu’elle peut régulièrement osciller comme étant un atout ou un inconvénient. Au cœur de cet argument est le fait que la performance de l’entreprise dans un pays hôte particulier peut être liée non seulement à des activités visant à accéder à des ressources clés externes sur les marchés locaux, mais aussi à celles ciblant des ressources sur les marchés globaux. Quand l’objectif est de profiter des marchés de ressources locales, l’extranéité peut être une entrave qui grandit en taille avec les idiosyncrasies de ces marchés. Mais lorsque la même entreprise dans le même pays hôte se tourne vers les marchés globaux pour des ressources externes, l’extranéité peut devenir un atout qui croît également en valeur avec l’importance des idiosyncrasies locales. Je teste cet argument en étudiant l’effet de performance pour des entreprises étrangères aux capitaux propres privés (CPP) qui investissent et par la suite quittent des sociétés d’investissement dans les économies émergentes. L’analyse est fondée sur un nouvel ensemble de données comportant 546 opérations d’entreprises CPP, gérées par 45 entreprises CPP étrangères et locales et concernant 49 économies émergentes à différents niveaux de développement institutionnel
Resumen
Mientras que la investigación en negocios internacionales tradicionalmente presenta el ser extranjero como una desventaja para hacer frente a la idiosincrasia del mercado local, este artículo sostiene que esto cambia regularmente entre ser una ventaja y una desventaja. La clave de este argumento es el hecho que el rendimiento de una empresa en un determinado país anfitrión es afectado de manera importante, no solamente por las actividades destinadas a acceder a recursos externos clave en mercados locales, sino también por aquellas que están orientando recursos en mercados globales. Cuando la meta es aprovechar mercados de recursos locales, lo extranjero puede ser una desventaja que aumenta en tamaño con las idiosincrasias de esos mercados. Pero cuando la misma empresa en el mismo país anfitrión se vuelca a mercados globales por recursos externos, ser extranjero puede convertirse en una ventaja que también aumenta en valor con el significado de las idiosincrasias locales. Pruebo este argumento observando el efecto de rendimiento de ser extranjero en empresas de capital privado (PE) al invertir y luego posteriormente cuando venden sus empresas de portafolios de inversión en economías emergentes. Este análisis saca provecho de una base de datos novedosa de observaciones de 546 inversiones de empresas de capital privado, gestionadas por 45 empresas locales y extranjeras de capital privado, y en 49 economías emergentes con varios niveles de desarrollo institucional.
Resumo
Embora a pesquisa em negócios internacionais tradicionalmente retrate o fato de ser estrangeiro como um passivo por lidar com as idiossincrasias do mercado local, este artigo argumenta que ele pode frequentemente mudar, oscilando entre ser um ativo ou um passivo. Central nesse argumento é o fato de que o desempenho de uma empresa em determinado país de acolhimento pode ser definido não somente por atividades destinadas a obter recursos externos chave nos mercados locais, mas também por aquelas que objetivam recursos nos mercados globais. Quando o foco está direcionado a mercados de recursos locais, o fato de ser estrangeiro pode ser um passivo que cresce em tamanho com as idiossincrasias desses mercados. Mas quando a mesma empresa, no mesmo país de acolhimento se volta para mercados globais visando recursos externos, o fato de ser estrangeiro pode se tornar um ativo que também aumenta em valor, com a significância das idiossincrasias locais. Eu testo esse argumento olhando para o efeito de ser estrangeiro na performance de empresas de Private Equity (PE) ao investirem e ao se retirarem de empresas em economias emergentes. A análise explora um novo conjunto de dados que rastreia 546 investimentos de PE, geridos por 45 empresas de PE estrangeiras e locais, em 49 economias emergentes em diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento institucional.
概要
国际商业研究传统上将外国性描绘成与本土市场特质打交道的负债,但本文认为,外国性可以定期地在成为资产和负债之间来回移动。这一论据的关键是个事实,即在一个特定的东道国里的公司业绩不仅可以通过在当地市场以获取关键的外部资源为目标的活动来认真地打造,而且可以通过那些针对全球市场资源的活动来创造。当关注点是进入本土资源市场时,外国性可以是随着这些市场的特质而增加的负债。但当相同东道国的相同公司转向全球市场获取外部资源时,外国性可成为随着本土特质的递增而增值的资产。我通过考察作为外国的私募股权(PE)公司在新兴经济体投资和随后从投资组合公司退出的绩效效果来测试这个论据。该分析利用了一种新颖的数据集跟踪546 个PE交易,由45家外国和本土PE公司进行管理,并跨越制度发展程度不同的49个新兴经济体。
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Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my associate editor, Mona Makhija, and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback and guidance throughout the review process. As this originated as the final paper of my dissertation, I am thankful to my dissertation advisors, Jordan Siegel, Josh Lerner, and Cynthia Montgomery, for their inspiration and guidance. I benefitted from particularly substantive feedback from Jesper Edman, Andrew Delios, Ruth Aguilera, and Edmund Malesky, as well as constructive critiques by Witold Henisz, Will Mitchell, Myles Shaver, Sea-Jin Chang, Pavel Zhelyazkov, Sai Yayavaram, Siddharth Natarajan and participants in seminars at National University of Singapore, George Washington University, and University of South Carolina. I also remain thankful to David Wilton and his private equity investment team at the International Finance Corporation for hosting me at their headquarters for a year and a half, for allowing me to work with their novel data, and for discussing with me their many experiences and lessons learned in the field. I also benefitted from many discussions with PE investors in Vietnam and Singapore. The study benefitted from funding from the Singapore Ministry of Education (AoRF Tier 1 Grant R-313-000-096-133).
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Accepted by Mona Makhija, Area Editor, 17 September 2016. This article has been with the author for three revisions.
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Taussig, M. Foreignness as both a global asset and a local liability: How host country idiosyncrasies and business activities matter. J Int Bus Stud 48, 498–522 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-016-0032-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-016-0032-1